✅Class 8: Social Science: Resources and Development: Textbook in Geography for class VIII, 2008

Chapter 1 - Resources

Introduction

Definition of Resource

Anything with utility or usability.

Examples: Water, electricity, rickshaws, vegetables, textbooks.

Value and Utility

Things become resources when they have value.

Value is derived from use or utility.

All resources possess some form of value.

Types of Value

Economic Value: Can be quantified in monetary terms.

Example: Metals.

Non-economic Value: Important for satisfaction but can't be quantified monetarily.

Example: Beautiful landscapes.

Changing Value Over Time

Resources can acquire economic value over time.

Example: Grandmother's home remedies could become valuable if patented and commercialized.

Factors Changing Substances into Resources

Time: As needs and demands evolve.

Technology: Advancements can unlock new utilities.

People as Resources

Most crucial resource.

Ideas, knowledge, inventions, and discoveries lead to resource creation.

One discovery or invention can lead to multiple others.

Example: The Discovery of fire led to cooking, invention of the wheel led to transportation developments.

Hydroelectricity

Example of technology turning energy in fast-flowing water into a valuable resource.

Types of Resources

Classification of Resources

Natural: Derived from nature, used with little to no modification.

Human Made: Modified or created by human intervention.

Human: Skills, knowledge, and abilities of people.

Natural Resources

Definition: Resources directly drawn from nature.

Examples: Air, water, soil, minerals.

Two main categories:

Renewable Resources: Replenish quickly.

Unlimited: Solar, wind energy.

Limited but renewable: Water, soil, forest.

Non-renewable Resources: Limited stock, takes millennia to replenish.

Examples: Coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Distribution depends on physical factors like terrain, climate, and altitude. Hence, it's unequal across the world.

Human Made Resources

Natural substances modified for utility.

Examples: Buildings, bridges, machinery, and technology.

Iron ore becomes resourceful only when iron is extracted.

Human Resources

People's knowledge, skills, and technology.

Special resources due to the ability to use and modify natural resources.

Human Resource Development: Enhancing skills to create more resources.

Factors enhancing human resources: Education, health.

Conserving Resources

Introduction

Mona's nightmare: World without water and trees, leading to suffering and scarcity.

Resource Depletion

Even renewable resources can become scarce if misused.

Non-renewable resources can get exhausted.

Resource Conservation

Using resources judiciously and allowing their renewal.

Sustainable Development: Balancing resource usage and conservation for future needs.

Ways to Conserve Resources

Reduce: Minimize resource consumption.

Recycle: Convert waste into reusable material.

Reuse: Use items more than once.

Importance of Conservation

Interlinked lives: Our actions impact the environment and vice versa.

Our duty:

Ensure sustainable use of renewable resources.

Conserve the earth's biodiversity.

Minimize damage to the environment.

Additional Concepts

Glossary and Sustainable Development

Key Terms

Patent: Exclusive rights over an idea or invention.

Technology: Application of recent knowledge and skills in tasks.

Stock of Resource: Quantity of resources ready for use.

Human Resource: Combination of people's number and abilities. It's their skills that convert physical materials into valuable resources.

Sustainable Development: Using resources in a manner that meets current needs without compromising future generations.

Interdependence of Humans

Farmers produce food grains.

Scientists aid in agricultural solutions and enhancement.

Principles of Sustainable Development

Respect all forms of life.

Improve human life quality.

Conserve earth's vitality and diversity.

Minimize resource depletion.

Change personal attitudes and practices regarding the environment.

Enable communities to care for their environment.

Chapter 2 - Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Land

Land and Population Distribution

Land as a Resource

The land is a vital natural resource.

Represents only 30% of the earth's surface.

Habitability and Population Distribution

Not all land areas are habitable.

Population distribution is influenced by land and climate characteristics.

Factors Affecting Population Density

Low Population Areas:

Rugged topography.
Steep mountain slopes.
Areas prone to water logging.
Deserts.
Thick forests.

High Population Areas:

Plains.
River valleys (due to agricultural suitability).

Land Use

Land Use and Its Impact

Definition of Land Use

Utilization of land for various purposes: agriculture, forestry, mining, housing, roads, and industries.

Determinants of Land Use

Physical Factors: Topography, soil, climate, minerals, water availability.

Human Factors: Population density, technological advancements.

Land Ownership Types

Private Land: Owned by individual persons.

Community Land (Common Property Resources): Owned collectively for shared uses like collecting fodder, fruits, nuts, and medicinal herbs.

Challenges and Changes in Land Use

Land Scarcity: Growing population and demands vs. limited land availability.

Land Quality: Varies across locations.

Encroachments: Conversion of common lands for commercial or agricultural purposes.

Environmental Threats: Resulting from Land Use Changes:

Land degradation.
Landslides.
Soil erosion.
Desertification.

Conservation of Land Resource

Conservation of Land Resource

Challenges to Land Conservation

Growing population and increasing demands.

Destruction of forests and arable land.

Importance of Conservation

Prevent the loss of this vital natural resource.

Address the rapid rate of land degradation.

Methods of Land Conservation

Afforestation: Planting trees to restore forest cover.

Land Reclamation: Restoring land that has been degraded or transformed.

Regulated Use of Chemicals: Limiting the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers.

Check on Overgrazing: Preventing excessive grazing to protect land quality.

Soil

Definition of Soil

Thin layer covering the earth's surface.

Relationship with Land

Directly linked to land.

Landforms influence soil type.

Composition of Soil

Organic matter: Decomposed plant and animal residues.

Minerals: Essential for plant growth.

Weathered rocks: Broken down rocks through natural processes.

Formation of Soil

Through the process of weathering.

Fertility depends on the right mix of minerals and organic matter.

Factors of Soil Formation

Parent Rock

The foundational material from which soil develops.

Determines the mineral composition and texture of the soil.

Climatic Factors

Influence the rate of weathering and the type of vegetation.

Rainfall and temperature play significant roles.

Topography

The slope and arrangement of the land.

Determines how water drains and affects erosion.

Role of Organic Material

Decomposition of plants and animals.

Enriches the soil and improves its texture.

Time

Duration taken for the soil to develop and mature.

Affects depth and fertility.

Variability

Factors can vary from place to place, leading to different soil types.

Degradation of Soil and Conservation Measures

Soil Degradation Causes 1.1. Human Factors - Deforestation - Overgrazing - Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides 1.2. Natural Factors - Rain wash - Landslides - Floods

Soil Conservation Methods 2.1. Mulching - Covering ground between plants with organic matter like straw. - Retains soil moisture. 2.2. Contour Barriers - Using stones, grass, and soil to build barriers along contours. - Trenches collect water in front of barriers. 2.3. Rock Dam - Piling rocks to slow down water flow. - Prevents gullies and soil loss. 2.4. Terrace Farming - Creating flat steps on steep slopes for crop cultivation. - Reduces surface runoff and erosion. 2.5. Intercropping - Growing alternate rows of different crops. - Protects soil from rain wash. 2.6. Contour Ploughing - Ploughing parallel to hill slope contours. - Acts as a barrier for water runoff. 2.7. Shelter Belts - Planting rows of trees in coastal and dry regions. - Checks wind movement and protects soil cover.

Water

Introduction 1.1. Water: Vital renewable resource 1.2. Earth is often termed the 'water planet' with 3/4th covered by water

Distribution of Water 2.1. Oceans cover 2/3rd of Earth's surface - Contains saline water, not suitable for consumption 2.2. Freshwater constitutes about 2.7% of total water - 70% of freshwater in ice sheets, glaciers (mostly inaccessible) - Only 1% of freshwater is accessible and fit for human use

Significance of Freshwater 3.1. Located in groundwater, rivers, lakes, and atmospheric vapor 3.2. Most precious substance on Earth due to its limited quantity

Water Cycle 4.1. Constant motion: oceans, air, land 4.2. Processes: evaporation, precipitation, run-off

Human Usage of Water 5.1. Drinking, washing, production processes 5.2. Agriculture, industries, electricity generation through dams

Challenges 6.1. Increasing population, urbanization, and living standards 6.2. Rising demands for food and cash crops 6.3. Result: Shortages due to drying up of sources or pollution

Problems of Water Availability

Regions with Water Scarcity 1.1. Most of Africa 1.2. West Asia 1.3. South Asia 1.4. Parts of Western USA 1.5. North-west Mexico 1.6. Parts of South America 1.7. Entire Australia

Causes of Scarcity 2.1. Located in drought-susceptible climatic zones 2.2. Variation in seasonal or annual precipitation 2.3. Over-exploitation of water sources 2.4. Contamination of water sources

Conservation of Water Resources

Water Crisis 1.1. Access to clean and adequate water is a challenge. 1.2. Even though water is renewable, overuse and pollution compromise its quality.

Water Contaminants 2.1. Discharge from: 2.1.1. Untreated/partially treated sewage 2.1.2. Agricultural chemicals 2.1.3. Industrial effluents 2.2. Pollutants include: 2.2.1. Nitrates 2.2.2. Metals 2.2.3. Pesticides

Conservation Measures 3.1. Water Pollution Control - Treat effluents before releasing them into water bodies. 3.2. Forest & Vegetation - Slow surface runoff - Replenish groundwater 3.3. Water Harvesting - Save surface runoff 3.4. Irrigation Techniques 3.4.1. Proper lining of irrigation canals to prevent seepage 3.4.2. Use of sprinklers to reduce seepage and evaporation 3.4.3. Drip or trickle irrigation in dry regions

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Introduction 1.1. Handicrafts made from natural resources. 1.2. Examples: Jute handbags, bamboo baskets, silk scarves.

Biosphere 2.1. Zone of contact between lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. 2.2. Contains the ecosystem with interrelated and interdependent living beings.

Importance of Vegetation 3.1. Provides timber. 3.2. Shelter for animals. 3.3. Produces oxygen. 3.4. Soil protection and fertility. 3.5. Assists in groundwater storage. 3.6. Source of fruits, nuts, latex, gum, medicinal plants, etc. 3.7. Essential for paper production.

Significance of Wildlife 4.1. Includes animals, birds, insects, and aquatic life. 4.2. Provides milk, meat, hides, and wool. 4.3. Bees: Honey production and pollination. 4.4. Insects and birds: Decomposers in the ecosystem. 4.5. Vultures: Scavengers and environmental cleansers.

Distribution of Natural Vegetation

Factors Influencing Vegetation 1.1. Primary factors: Temperature and moisture.

Major Vegetation Types 2.1. Forests - Located in areas with abundant water supply. - Linked with heavy rainfall regions. 2.2. Grasslands - Found in regions of moderate rainfall. - Characterized by short stunted trees and grasses. 2.3. Scrubs - Present in dry areas with low rainfall. - Features thorny shrubs with deep roots and waxy leaves. 2.4. Tundra - Located in cold Polar Regions. - Dominated by mosses and lichens.

Current Scenario 3.1. Rapid increase in global population. 3.2. Forests being cleared for agriculture to feed the growing population. 3.3. Urgent need for conservation of the diminishing forest cover.

Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Importance of Forests 1.1. Maintain the ecosystem. 1.2. Provide shelter for animals.

Threats to Natural Habitats 2.1. Climate changes. 2.2. Human activities such as deforestation and construction. 2.3. Natural disasters like forest fires, tsunamis, and landslides. 2.4. Poaching for hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns, and feathers. 2.5. Vulnerable species: Tiger, lion, elephant, deer, black buck, crocodile, rhinoceros, snow leopard, ostrich, peacock.

Conservation Measures 3.1. Creation of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. 3.2. Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands. 3.3. Social forestry and Vanamohatsava programs. 3.4. Encourage bird watching and nature camps. 3.5. Legal measures: 3.5.1. Laws against killing specific species in India. 3.5.2. International Convention, CITES, prohibiting trade of certain species.

Conclusion 4.1. Maintaining a balanced environment is essential. 4.2. Conservation is an ethical duty of every citizen.

Additional Concepts

Population and Land

90% of the world's population occupies 30% of land.

70% of the land is sparsely populated or uninhabited.

Soil and Erosion

Soil formation: Breaking up and decay of exposed rocks due to various factors.

It takes hundreds of years to form 1 cm of soil.

Landslides:

Mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
Causes: Earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, prolonged rainfall.
Case Study: Pangi village in Himachal Pradesh.
Mitigation Mechanisms:

Hazard mapping.

Retention walls.

Vegetation cover increase.

Surface drainage control.

Water

Water is a renewable resource.

Consumption:

1975: 3850 cu km/year.
2000: >6000 cu km/year.

Rainwater Harvesting:

Process of collecting and storing rainwater.
One 2-hour rain spell can save 8,000 litres.

Water Pollution: River Yamuna is polluted due to sewage, industrial effluents, and garbage.

Water Market: Amreli city in Saurashtra region purchases water.

Wildlife

Vultures: Dying due to diclofenac painkiller in livestock.

Conservation Efforts: Ban on diclofenac for livestock and breeding vultures in captivity.

Conservation Areas

National Park: Area to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems.

Biosphere Reserves: Protected areas linked globally, showcasing conservation and development relationships.

CITES

International agreement between governments.

Ensures international trade doesn't threaten species’ survival.

Protects approx. 5,000 animal species and 28,000 plant species.

Chapter 3 - Agriculture

Introduction

Economic Activities Classification

Primary Activities:

Connected with extraction and production of natural resources.
Examples: Agriculture, fishing, and gathering.

Secondary Activities:

Concerned with the processing of resources.
Examples: Manufacturing steel, baking bread, weaving cloth.

Tertiary Activities:

Provide support to primary and secondary sectors via services.
Examples: Transport, trade, banking, insurance, and advertising.

Agriculture

A primary activity.

Involves growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, and rearing livestock.

Global Perspective:

50% of the world's population is engaged in agriculture.

India's Perspective:

Two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture.

Factors Influencing Agriculture

Topography of Soil & Climate: Vital for agricultural activities.

Arable Land: Land used for growing crops.

Agricultural activity is concentrated in regions with suitable factors for crop growth.

Map

Farm

Farm System Overview

Agriculture or farming can be viewed as a systematic process.

Inputs in the Farm System

Seeds: Essential for growing crops.

Fertilizers: Nutrients for enhancing soil quality.

Machinery: Tools and equipment for efficient farming.

Labor: Workforce for carrying out farming tasks.

Operations in the Farm System

Ploughing: Preparing the land for sowing.

Sowing: Planting seeds for crops.

Irrigation: Supplying water to crops.

Weeding: Removing unwanted plants.

Harvesting: Collecting mature crops.

Outputs from the Farm System

Crops: Agricultural produce.

Wool: From sheep.

Dairy Products: Milk, cheese, etc.

Poultry Products: Eggs, meat from birds.

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Types of Farming

Types of Farming

Subsistence Farming: Grown to meet the family's needs.

Intensive Subsistence: Small plots, more labor, multiple crops yearly in monsoon regions.
Primitive Subsistence:

Shifting Cultivation (Slash & Burn): Clear forest, grow crops, then move.
Nomadic Herding: Migratory, moving with animals for fodder and water.

Commercial Farming: Grown for sale.

Commercial Grain Farming: Large-scale grain cultivation (e.g., wheat, maize).
Mixed Farming: Growing food, fodder crops and livestock.
Plantation: Single crop focus (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber).

Major Crops

Rice: Staple food in tropical regions. Main producers - China, India.

Wheat: Needs moderate temperature. Grown in USA, Canada, Argentina, India.

Millets (Coarse Grains): Grows in sandy soils. Examples - Jowar, Bajra, Ragi.

Maize: Requires moderate conditions. Top producers - North America, Brazil, China.

Cotton: Requires high temperature. Main producers - China, USA, India.

Jute (Golden Fibre): Grows in tropical areas. Mainly in India, Bangladesh.

Coffee: Warm, wet climate. Brazil, Colombia, India as top producers.

Tea: Beverage crop. Requires cool, rainy climate. Major in Kenya, India, China.

Farming Insights

Farming outputs are influenced by geographical conditions, technological level, and labor intensity.

Farming can be seen as a system with inputs (seeds, machinery) and outputs (crops, dairy products).

Both nature (climate, soil) and human factors (technology, market demand) dictate the type and scale of farming.

Agriculture Development

Definition: Efforts to enhance farm production to satisfy growing population demands.

Methods:

Increasing cropped area & number of crops.

Advancing irrigation facilities.

Adopting fertilizers & high-yielding seeds.

Mechanization of agricultural processes.

Goal: Augment food security.

Farming in Different Regions

Developing nations: Intensive agriculture on small holdings for subsistence.

Developed nations: Commercial agriculture on large holdings.

Case Studies

A Farm in India (Adilabad, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh)

1.5-hectare land; grows wheat/rice and pulses.

Uses HYV seeds; relies on friends, elders, & agricultural officers for advice.

Uses rented tractors & tubewells.

Owns 2 buffaloes and hens; sells milk to cooperative stores.

Takes credit for seeds & tools; sells produce in local mandis.

Limited storage facilities; recent government initiatives for storage development.

A Farm in the USA (Midwest, Iowa)

Average farm size: 250 hectares.

Major crops: corn, soybean, wheat, cotton, sugarbeet.

Practices scientific farming: soil testing, precise fertilizer application.

Uses satellite-linked computers for monitoring fields.

Employs advanced machinery: tractors, seed drills, combined harvesters.

Grain storage is automated or sent to market agencies.

The farmer operates more as a businessman than a peasant.

Additional Concepts

Word Origins & Definitions

Agriculture: Derived from Latin "ager" or "agri" (soil) and "culture" (cultivation). Refers to the science and art of cultivating soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock.

Sericulture: Commercial rearing of silkworms.

Pisciculture: Breeding of fish in specific tanks and ponds.

Viticulture: Cultivation of grapes.

Horticulture: Production of vegetables, flowers, and fruits for commercial purposes.

Organic Farming

Farming using organic manure and natural pesticides.

Avoids chemical inputs and genetic modifications.

Shifting Cultivation

Known by various regional names:

Jhumming: North-East India

Milpa: Mexico

Roca: Brazil

Ladang: Malaysia

Interesting Facts

Maize: Also known as corn; exists in various colorful varieties globally.

Discovery of Coffee: Around AD 850, Kaldi, an Arab goat-herder, observed his goats' odd behavior after eating berries from an evergreen bush. After tasting the berries and feeling exhilarated, he shared his discovery.

Food Security

Defined as a situation where everyone has consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to fulfill their dietary needs and preferences for a healthy life.

Chapter 4 - Industries

Introduction

1. Journey of a Notebook

1.1. Origin: Begins as part of a tree.

1.2. Processing:

Tree cut and sent to the pulp mill.
Converted to wood pulp.
Pulp is mixed with chemicals to produce paper.

1.3. Printing & Binding:

Paper sent to press for printing lines.
Bound into notebooks.

1.4. Distribution: Packaged and sent to market for sale.

1.5. End User: Purchased and used by people like you.

2. Manufacturing & Secondary Activities

2.1. Definition: Changing raw materials into products with added value.

2.2. Examples:

Pulp transformed into paper.
Cotton turned into cloth.

3. Industry & Its Categories

3.1. Definition: Economic activity related to producing goods, extracting minerals, or providing services.

3.2. Types of Industries:

3.2.1. Production of Goods: e.g., Iron and steel industry.
3.2.2. Extraction of Minerals: e.g., Coal mining industry.
3.2.3. Provision of Services: e.g., Tourism industry.

Classification of Industries

1.1. Based on Raw Materials:

1.1.1. Agro-based: Use plant & animal products. Examples: Food processing, cotton textile, dairy, leather.
1.1.2. Mineral-based: Use mineral ores. Examples: Iron and steel industries.
1.1.3. Marine-based: Utilize sea & ocean products. Examples: Seafood processing, and fish oil manufacturing.
1.1.4. Forest-based: Use forest produce. Examples: Pulp & paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture.

1.2. Based on Size:

1.2.1. Cottage/Household: Hand-made products by artisans. Examples: Basket weaving, pottery.
1.2.2. Small scale: Lesser capital & technology. Examples: Silk weaving, and food processing.
1.2.3. Large scale: High capital & advanced technology. Examples: Automobile production, heavy machinery.

1.3. Based on Ownership:

1.3.1. Private Sector: Owned by individuals or groups.
1.3.2. Public Sector: Owned by the government. Examples: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Steel Authority of India Limited.
1.3.3. Joint Sector: Owned by both state & individuals. Example: Maruti Udyog Limited.
1.3.4. Cooperative Sector: Owned & operated by producers, suppliers, or workers. Examples: Anand Milk Union Limited, Sudha Dairy.

Factors of Location of Industries

1. Factors Affecting Location of Industries

1.1. Raw Material: Proximity to source to minimize transportation costs.

1.2. Land: Availability of vast & affordable land for setup.

1.3. Water: Essential for various industrial processes.

1.4. Labour: Access to skilled and unskilled workforce.

1.5. Power: Stable & sufficient power supply.

1.6. Capital: Investment capability for infrastructure & operations.

1.7. Transport: Efficient transportation for goods & services.

1.8. Market: Proximity to consumer bases or export hubs.

1.9. Government Incentives: Subsidized power, reduced transport costs, and infrastructural support.

2. Impacts of Industrial Location

2.1. Development: Industries often lead to the growth of towns and cities.

2.2. Urbanization: Industrial areas often attract population leading to urban development.

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Industrial System

1. Industrial System Components

1.1. Inputs: Fundamental resources required for production.

Examples: Raw materials, labor, land costs, transport, power, infrastructure.

1.2. Processes: Activities that transform inputs into outputs.

Examples (textile industry): Ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing.

1.3. Outputs: Final products and the resultant income.

Example: A finished shirt, earnings from sales.

Industrial Regions

1. Industrial Regions

Definition: Areas where multiple industries are concentrated and benefit from proximity.

1.1 Global Major Industrial Regions

Eastern North America
Western and Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Asia

Common characteristics: Located in temperate zones, near seaports, often near coal fields.

1.2 Major Industrial Regions in India

Mumbai-Pune cluster
Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
Hugli region
Ahmedabad-Baroda region
Chottanagpur industrial belt
Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt
Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster

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Distribution of Major Industries

1. Distribution of Major Industries

Major industries: Iron & steel, textile, and information technology.

Older industries: Iron & steel and textile.

Emerging industry: Information technology.

1.1 Global Locations

Iron & steel: Germany, USA, China, Japan, Russia.
Textile: India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan.
Information technology: Silicon Valley (Central California), Bangalore (India).

2. Iron and Steel Industry

Feeder industry: Products serve as raw materials for other industries.

Inputs: Iron ore, coal, limestone, labor, capital, site, infrastructure.

Process: Smelting in blast furnace, refining.

Output: Steel.

2.1 Steel Properties

Tough, shapeable, rust-resistant with alloys.
The backbone of modern industry.
Usage: Ships, machinery, buildings, tools, etc.

2.2 Historical Location Trends

Pre-1800: Near raw materials, power, and water.
Post-1800: Near coal fields, transport.
Post-1950: Near seaports, due to large scale and imports.

2.3 Indian Steel Industry

Located advantageously with raw materials, cheap labor, transport, and market.
Key centers: Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro (spanning West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh).
Other centers: Bhadravati, Vijay Nagar (Karnataka), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), and Salem (Tamil Nadu).

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Jamshedpur

Jamshedpur: The Steel City of India

TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited)

Established in 1907.
Initially at Sakchi, renamed Jamshedpur.
Location Advantages

Proximity to:

Raw materials: iron ore, coal, manganese.
Rail connectivity: 32 km from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
Major market: Kolkata.

Water supply: Rivers Kharkai and Subarnarekha.
Government initiatives for capital.

Other Industries in Jamshedpur: Chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate, cable, wire.

Role in Indian Industrial Development

Pivotal to India's rapid industrial growth.
Supports numerous sectors due to its basic infrastructure.
Indian steel industry spectrum: Large steel plants, mini steel mills, secondary producers, rolling mills, and ancillary industries.

2. Pittsburgh: USA's Steel Hub

Locational Benefits

Raw material: Local coal, and iron ore from Minnesota (1500 km away).
Transport: Great Lakes waterway for ore shipping.
Water supply: Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny rivers.

Shift in Steel Mills: Fewer in Pittsburgh, more in valleys of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers and along the Ohio River.

Diverse Industries: Beyond steel mills, factories produce railroad equipment, heavy machinery, and rails, using steel as a primary material.

Additional Concepts

1. Industrial Disasters

Causes: Technical failures, mishandling of hazardous materials.

Examples:

Bhopal Disaster (1984):

Leakage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas from Union Carbide's pesticide factory.
Official death toll: 3,598 (as of 1989).
Long-term effects: Blindness, impaired immune system, gastrointestinal issues, etc.

Gao Qiao, Chongging, China (2005):

Gas well blowout.
Deaths: 243, Injured: 9,000, Evacuated: 64,000.

2. Risk Reduction Measures

Separate residential areas from industrial zones.

Awareness among residents about toxins and hazardous substances.

Enhanced fire warning and combat systems.

Limit the storage capacity of toxic substances.

Improve pollution dispersion in industries.

3. Emerging Industries

Also termed 'Sunrise Industries'.

Examples: Information technology, Wellness, Hospitality, Knowledge.

4. Glossary

Smelting: Extracting metals from ores via heating beyond melting point.

Great Lakes: Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie (Lake Superior is the largest).

5. Factors Influencing Location of Iron and Steel Plant on Developer Dweep

Resources:

Iron ore: Large deposit of low-grade ore. Transportation over long distances is uneconomic.
Coal: Rich deposits of high-grade coal. Cheap railway transportation.
Limestone: Widely available, purest in Chuna Mountains.
Water: Sufficient supply from River Neel tributaries. Sea water is unsuitable due to salt content.
Market: Mainly engineering works of Rajdhanipur. Low transport costs for products.
Labor: Mainly from fishing villages (Hil, Rah, Sing). Expected daily commute.
Port: Minimal facilities, but a deep natural harbor at Port Paschimpur.

Chapter 5 - Human Resources

Introduction

1. Significance of People as a Resource

People transform nature's offerings into valuable resources.

Human Resource: The most vital resource for any nation.

Importance lies in the ability to make use of other resources.

2. Characteristics of Human Resource

Not uniformly distributed globally.

Differ in:

Educational levels.
Age groups.
Gender.

Dynamic in nature: Characteristics and numbers evolve over time.

3. Role of Healthy and Educated People

They play a pivotal role in:

Resource development.
Meeting demands.
Innovating as per requirements.

Distribution of Population

1. Population Distribution Definition

Refers to how people are spread across the earth's surface.

2. Distribution Characteristics

Uneven Distribution: Over 90% of the world's population occupies only 30% of the land.

Crowded Regions:

South and South East Asia.
Europe.
North Eastern North America.

Sparse Regions:

High latitude areas.
Tropical deserts.
High mountainous regions.
Equatorial forests.

3. Population by Hemisphere

Majority (more than half) live north of the Equator.

4. Concentration in Continents

About 75% of the global population resides in Asia and Africa.

5. Top Populated Countries

60% of global population is found in 10 countries, each having over 100 million people.

Graph

Density of Population

1. Definition of Population Density

Number of people living per unit area of the earth’s surface.

Expressed in terms of persons per square km.

2. Global Average

World's average population density: 51 persons/sq. km.

3. Regions with Highest Density

South Central Asia: Highest population density.

Followed by East and South East Asia.

Factors Affecting the Distribution of Population

Factors Affecting Population Distribution

1. Geographical Factors

Topography: Plains preferred over mountains & plateaus (e.g., Ganga plains).

Climate: Moderate climates favored; extremes like the Sahara & polar regions avoided.

Soil: Fertile soils attract people (e.g., Ganga, Brahmaputra, Nile valleys).

Water: Areas with fresh water (river valleys) are dense; deserts are sparse.

Minerals: Regions with minerals (e.g., Diamond mines in South Africa, Oil in the Middle East).

2. Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors

Social: Better housing, education, and health lead to denser populations (e.g., Pune).

Cultural: Religious or cultural places attract people (e.g., Varanasi, Vatican City).

Economic: Industrial areas with job opportunities are dense (e.g., Osaka, Mumbai).

Population Change

Population Change and Factors

1. Overview

Population change = difference in population over time.

For a long period, population growth was slow due to high births & high deaths.

Population explosion observed post-1800s due to improved health and food availability.

2. Milestones

1804: 1 billion people.

1959: 3 billion people.

1999: 6 billion people.

3. Key Metrics

Birth rate: Live births per 1,000 people.

Death rate: Deaths per 1,000 people.

Natural growth rate: Difference between birth rate and death rate.

4. Migration

Emigrants: People leaving a country.

Immigrants: People arriving in a country.

Countries like the USA and Australia have seen population growth due to immigration.

Trends:

International: From less developed to more developed nations.
Internal: Rural to urban for employment and better facilities.

Patterns of Population Change

1. Global Variations

Population growth rates differ worldwide.

Despite global population rise, growth isn't uniform across countries.

2. Case Examples

Kenya:

Historically: High birth & death rates.
Present: Lower death rates (due to better health care) but still high birth rates.
Result: High population growth rate.