Calcarine Fissure - Rote Learn Don't Try to Understand
Characteristics
True Opposability of Thumb or Great Toe - Thumb and Baaki Finger Opposite Direction Main
Dentition
Behaviour(7)
Dominance
Grooming
Communication
Reproduction
Aggression
Protoculture
Locomotion
Types of Primates
Tertiary & Quaternary Fossil Primate
Introduction
Dryopithecus
Ramapithecus
Sivapithecus
Living Major Primate
Gorilla
Prognathic Mandible
No Flatness of Skull
Arms Longer and Legs Shorter - Opposite to that of adult humans
Protruding / Extended Abdomen
Prominent Crust
Have Unique Fingerprints and Toe Prints like Humans
Have Nails instead of Claw
Chimpanzee
Promiscuos - Multiple Sexual Partners
Orangutan
Gibbon
Bonobo
Comparative Anatomy of Man & Apes
Coccygeal is Fused
In Apes Big Toe in less opposable except Chimpanzee
In Humans the Big Toe is More Opposable than Apes but Less than Chimpanzee
Human v/s Other Apes - Human More Opposable
Human v/s Chimpanzee - Chimp More Opposable
Opposable Scale in Increasing Order
Apes < Humans < Chimpanzee
Skeletal Changes Due to Erect Posture and Its Implications
Physiological Changes
Changes in Pelvis
Changes in Hindlimbs & Re Shaping of Foot
Linea Aspera is a Rough Surface in the form of Ridge in Bones of Hind Limbs for Easy Attachment of Muscles
Changes in Spinal Cord, Sacrum & Vertebral Column
4 Different Cord Developed - C T L S
Biological Significance
Cultural Significance & Development of Language
Consequences of Bipedalism
Factors Contributing to Human Evolution
Biological Factors in Human Evolution
Cultural Factors in Human Evolution
FOSSILS
Syllabus
How do we Study Human Evolution (Three Step Process)
Where and When Did Human Evolve ?
The Hominid / Human Evolution
Introduction
General Trend in Hominid Evolution
Common Ancestors to Apes & Humans
Pliocene / Pre Pleistocene / Pre Homo
Australopithecus
Initial Known Types of Australopithecus
Earliest Australopithecus
Australopithecus Afarensis - 3.5 MYA
Parallel to Each Other
Australopithecus Boisei
Australopithecus Africanus
Australopithecus Robustus
Sub Species of Australopithecus
Introduction
After the Initial Discoveries of 4 Types of Australopithecus, Other Types of Australopithecus were found
Australopithecus - Gracile (Thin/Slander)
A Afarensis
A Africanus
A Anamensis
A Ramidus
Paranthropus - Robust (Thick/Stocky)
A Boisei
A Robustus
A Aethiopicus
Difference Between Australopithecus and Paranthropus
Mastoid Process
It is a Prominence in a Temporal Bone situated behind the Ear, where neck muscles are attached
Debate on Phylogenetic Status of Australopithecus
2 Branch Theory by Timothy White & Donald Johanson
3 Branch Theory by Alan Walker
Introduction
Discovery & Tim Period
Important Discovery
Location for Spread of Australopithecus
Tong in South Africa
Kromdraai in South Africa
Swartkrans in South Africa
Makapansgat in South Africa
Turkana in Kenya
Lothagam in Kenya
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania
Laetoli in Tanzania
Hadar in Ethiopia
Features of Australopithecus
Biological Features
Cranial Features
Post Cranial Features
Cultural Features
Tools
Earlier it was considered that Australopithecus didn't use any tools but later studies found some Butchered Gazelle Tools associated with A Garhi
Society
Pleistocene / Homo
Types of Homo
Homo Habilis - 1.0 MYA
Introduction to Homo Habilis
Homo - Human Habilis - Skill Full Man
Difference Between A Africanus & H Habilis
Physical Features of Homo Habilis
Cultural Features
Phylogenetic Debate around Homo Habilis
Phylogenetic Means - Evolutionary History
Similarities with Australopithecus
Emergence of Rudolfensis
Second Slide Here
💡
John Robinson considered Homo Habilis as a Mixture of Australopithecus & Homo Erectus
Tool Modes → Mode 1 to Mode 5 (useful in archaeological too)
Homo Erectus - 2 to 0.25 MYA
Introduction & Broad Changes
Discovery & Time Period
Difference Between Homo Erectus & Homo Sapiens
Physical Features of Homo Erectus
Feature of Sub Species 1 - Java Man
Feature of Sub Species 2 - Peking Man
Feature of Sub Species 3 - Narmada Man
The most posterior point in the skull of narmada man, is not matching with typical homo erectus and it is close to modern man i.e Maximum Cranial Length is More
Phylogenetic Debate / Status
Home Sapiens Neanderthleaensis - 1.3 L to 30 K YA
Called by Different Names but is Same
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
Homo Neanderthalensis
Neanderthals
Neanderthal Man
Introduction
Time Period
1 Lac to 30 K Years Ago → Progressive Neanderthals
2 Lac to 1 Lac Years Ago → Classic Neanderthals → here they emerged, Not Ended
Location
Physical Features of Neanderthalensis
Classic & Progressive Neanderthals
Similarities & Differences Between Classic and Progressive Neanderthals ( 5 * Imp )
Post Cranial Morphology of Classic and Progressive Neanderthals
Extinction of Neanderthals - Theories
SUMMARY → Debate - Neanderthals Being a Separate Species or a Part of Homo Sapiens
Summary
Pre Neanderthal Hypothesis Pre Sapiens Hypothesis by Boul & KeithMulti Regional Theory Ark Model Scientific Evidences Based on
Mitochondrial DNAArchaeological Findings
Conclusion of Debate
The Continuos Debate Related to Position of Neanderthals vis a vis modern humans is more of diverging nature of these two hominin’s
Later Arguments & Acceptance, by Various Evolutionary Anthropologists considered these two as close relatives which existed at some matching time period as well as in a sequential timeline
So even if Neanderthals are NOT the closest relative of Modern Man, this hominin is definitely contributed to evolutionary studies of Homo Sapien Sapiens
Rhodesian Man - 4 L to 1.25 L Years Ago
Introduction
Its a Transition Specie
Connecting Link Between Pre Modern Man & Modern Man
Rhodesia is old name of Zimbabwe Region of Africa
Fossil Found by Zwigglee at Broken Hill in Northern Rhodesia
He Found, Lower Jaw, Femur Parts, Tibia, Sacrum Portion of Two Pelvis, Some Fragments of one of Another Individuals
Physical Features
Phylogenetic Status
Summary
Woodward
Von Bonian
Boule
Hootan
Some Studies
Recent Findings - Kabwe Skills
Homo Sapiens - 5 Lac Years Ago
To Reach Homo Sapiens Sapiens, we have to cross Homo Sapiens of Cro Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancelade
Introduction
To Study - Cro Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancelade
Cro Magnon (France)
Introduction
Physical Features
Cultural Features
Difference Between Grimaldi & Cro Magnon
Grimaldi (Italy)
Introduction
Physical Features
Cultural Features
Chancelade (France)
Introduction
Some Say that Cro Magnon Might have transformed into Chancelade
Physical Features
Cultural Features
Homo Sapiens Sapiens - The Actual “Modern Man”
THE ULTIMATE SUMMARY
Primates
Prosimians
Lemuri Forms
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsi Form
Tarsier
Simians / Anthropoids
New World Anthropoid
New World - North and South America
New World Monkeys
Old World Anthropoid
Old World MonkeyHominoidea - Apes & Humans
Common Ancestors to Anthropoids in
(Tertiary and Quaternary Era)
Introduction
Dryopithecus
Ramapithecus
Sivapithecus
Apes
Gorilla
Prognathic Mandible
No Flatness of Skull
Arms Longer and Legs Shorter - Opposite to that of adult humans
Protruding / Extended Abdomen
Prominent Crust
Have Unique Fingerprints and Toe Prints like Humans
Have Nails instead of Claw
Chimpanzee
Orangutan
Gibbon
Bonobo
Humans
Australopithecus - Pliocene / Pre Pleistocene / Pre Homo
Initial Known Types of Australopithecus
Earliest Australopithecus
Australopithecus Afarensis - 3.5 MYA
Parallel to Each Other
Australopithecus Boisei
Australopithecus Africanus
Australopithecus Robustus
Sub Species of Australopithecus
Introduction
After the Initial Discoveries of 4 Types of Australopithecus, Other Types of Australopithecus were found
Australopithecus - Gracile (Thin/Slander)
A Afarensis
A Africanus
A Anamensis
A Ramidus
Paranthropus - Robust (Thick/Stocky)
A Boisei
A Robustus
A Aethiopicus
Difference Between Australopithecus and Paranthropus
Mastoid Process
It is a Prominence in a Temporal Bone situated behind the Ear, where neck muscles are attached
Debate on Phylogenetic Status of Australopithecus
2 Branch Theory by Timothy White & Donald Johanson
3 Branch Theory by Alan Walker
Introduction
Discovery & Tim Period
Important Discovery
Location for Spread of Australopithecus
Tong in South Africa
Kromdraai in South Africa
Swartkrans in South Africa
Makapansgat in South Africa
Turkana in Kenya
Lothagam in Kenya
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania
Laetoli in Tanzania
Hadar in Ethiopia
Features of Australopithecus
Biological Features
Cranial Features
Post Cranial Features
Cultural Features
Tools
Earlier it was considered that Australopithecus didn't use any tools but later studies found some Butchered Gazelle Tools associated with A Garhi
Society
Homo Habilis - Pleistocene / HomoHomo Erectus Homo Neanderthalensis Rhodesian Homo Sapiens
Babies cause unko brain enlargement ke liye space chahiye rehta hai toh unke sutures fuse nai hote hai. So we can actually feel a space here in bregma and lambdoid jisko fontanelle bolte hai
bregma fontanelle is anterior
and Lambda fontanelle is posterior
Bregma & Vertex - Conincidence & Non Co Incidence
Vertex
Highest Position in the Skull
Brain & Upper Skull
Posterior Lobe of Brain
Posterior - Back
Occipital lobe
It forms the most posterior portion of the brain and is found behind both the parietal and temporal lobes. The occipital lobe lies over the tentorium cerebelli, while its medial surface faces the falx cerebri
Parietal Tuberosities
Tuberosity: (countable, anatomy) A rounded protuberance, at the end of a bone, to which a muscle or tendon is attached
Sagittal Crest (Crest on Top of Skull)
Saggital Keel (Keel on Top of Skull)
Zygomatic Arch
Suprainiac Fossa
Foramen Magnum
the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes
Frontal Bone
The frontal bone in an adult is an unpaired bone that is a part of the boney structure that forms the anterior and superior portions of the skull. At the beginning of life, it is a bone separated by a temporary suture called the frontal suture
Cranium
(KRAY-nee-um) The bones that form the head. The cranium is made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face)
Mastoid Process
Postorbital Constriction
In physical anthropology, post-orbital constriction is the narrowing of the cranium (skull) just behind the eye sockets (the orbits, hence the name) found in most non-human primates and early hominins
Platycephaly
n. a condition in which the crown of the head is abnormally flat
Difference Between Brow Ridge & Bony Ridge of Skull
And bony ridge baaki sab ke liye. Like ligament attachment, muscle attachment hogya. Yaa waha se koi nerve pass hori hai yaa koi major artery. So basically uske kaaran bone mei jo ridge banta hai
Orbital Convergence of Eyes - Horizontal Elongated Orbit
Nose & Mouth
Sub Nasal Area
Nose and Below that - Inside Area Also
Muzzle
Nose + Mouth
Teeth Features
Diastema
Gap Between Teeth
Enamel is More
Strong Teeth
Y5 Pattern of Hominids
Dental Arcade
the curve of the row of teeth in each jaw. called also arcade.
Animal Features
Cheek Pad of Orangutan - Disticnt Feature
Also Called as Cheek Pouches
Gibbon Face Ring
Tail Tuft of Bonobo
Altruism in Bonobos
Bonobos will happily share their food with a stranger, and even give up their own meal — but only if the stranger offers them social interaction, evolutionary anthropologists at Duke University report in the journal PLoS One
Post Cranial
Unguiculate
having one or more nails or claws.
Claviculate
possessing a clavicle (collar bone)
Hindlimb
Means Legs
A hindlimb or back limb is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the caudal (posterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. With reference to quadrupeds, the term hindleg or back leg is often used instead
Pentadactyl
(of a vertebrate limb) having five toes or fingers, or derived from such a form, as characteristic of all tetrapods.
Eutherian / Placental
of or relating to a major division (Eutheria) of mammals comprising the placental mammals
Vertebral Column
Fields
Physiology
the scientific study of how living things function
Morphology
morphology, in biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts
Behavioral Ecology
Study of Animals in their Natural Habitat
Primate Ethology
Primatologists study primate evolution, behaviour and biology
Ethologists study the behaviour of organisms based on a comparative and evolutionary approach
Primatology
Primatology is the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman primates
Primatologists are united by a common interest in study subjects, but not necessarily by uniformity in academic training.
Terms
Types of Movements
Clinging
Leaping → Movement of Long Jump from one Branch to Another
he olfactory system is at the roof of the nasal cavity at the cribriform plate → a perforated portion of the ethmoid bone separating the frontal lobe of the cerebrum from the nasal cavity. Odorant molecules within the nasal passages first encounter receptors on the primary cilia of olfactory sensory neurons.
Proto Culture
Learned Behaviour Passed from Generation to Generation
Dentition
he arrangement or condition of the teeth in a particular species or individual.
Gestation Period
It is measured in weeks, from the first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle to the current date. A normal pregnancy can range from 38 to 42 weeks
Infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature. Infants born after 42 weeks are considered postmature
Sexual Dimorphism
Visible Distinctive Differences in Males and Females
