Definition of Rocks ( Rocks → Minerals → Two or More Elements )
Any Material which constitutes earth can be hard like Granite and Soft Like Clay
Minerals
32 Most Common Elements12 Dominant Minerals में Present 8 Most Common Elements
Constitute Whole Earth (Fe O Si, Mg Sul Ni, Ca Al)Constitute Earths Crust (O2 Si Al, Fe Cal Na, K, Mg)
Different Mineral Groups (SiCa SuMe) - TABLE NEEDED
Silicates (Fel Qua Ferro) - 90% Constitution in Earth
Feldspar
Silicates of Al Na Ca K
Weak Mineral - Easily Weathers ( Under Chemical Hydration )
Economically Imp
Chemical Industry - Bone China and Ceramic Industry
Glass Industry - Gives Toughness to Glass
Quartz
Contains Oxygen + Silicon
Hardest of All
In Singularity - Chemically Resistant
In Combination - Can Disintegrate
Uses - Watch & Prisms
Ferro-magnesium
Oxides of Fe+Mg
Very Weak
Weathers Easily
Carbonates Sulphides Metals
Types of Rocks
Igneous Rocks - Ignis (Fire 🔥) 90% of Earths Crust
Also Called (3)
Lava Rock - Made of Cooled Lava
Primary Rock - First to be Found on Earths Surface
Parent Rock - Raw Material for Formation of other Rocks ( Sedimentary and Metamorphic)
Are Fossils Found in Igneous Rocks ?
No, Due to High Temperature
Classification of Igneous Rocks on the Basis of
on the basis of “Location”
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Theme
Plutonic Rock
Hypabyssal Rock
ㅤ
Rate of Cooling
Very Slow
Moderate
ㅤ
Position
Near to Heat Source,
Greater Depth within Crust
Far From heat Source, Just Below the Crust, Closer to Earth
ㅤ
Size
Large/Coarse
Medium
ㅤ
Example
1. Pegmatite
2. Granite
1. Dolorite
2. Magnetite
ㅤ
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Rate of Cooling : Very Fast
Due to : Cooling of Lava on Surface of Earth
Position : Very far from Heat Source
Size : Finer / Small
Example :
Basalt → Disintegrates into → Black Soil → Called Regur Soil in Southern India (maharashtra & Tamil Nadu) → Good For Cotton Cultivation
Wherever there is Black Soil, we can Expect Black Soil
on the basis of “Chemical Composition”
Felsic - Acid Lava - Acid से आदमी Fail (Falsic) हो गया Mafic - Basic Lava - एकदम Basic के Mafic ( माफ़िक़) है बावा
Texture - Not in Syllabus
Landforms of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Igneous Rock Landforms
Formation of Rocks through Volcano and Eruptions
Mountain Lava Formation
Formations of Acidic Lava
Conical and Vertically High
Formations of Basic Lava
Dome Shaped and Horizontal
Intrusive Igneous Rocks Landforms
Formation of Rocks through Volcano and Eruptions
Types
Batholith
Silt/Sheet
Dyke
Lappolith
Laccolith
Phacolith
Characteristic of Intrusive Igneous Rocks Bodies
Sedimentary Rocks
Also Called
Layered Rocks - Deposition Happened Layer by Layer Carboneous Rocks - Organic Materials were deposited at the Bottom Clastic Rocks - Klostos Means Fragments, they are made up of fragments
Process of Formation of Igneous Rocks ?
Deposition by Rivers by Erosion of Lava Rocks - Deposition
Inc Pressure Downwards, Top Layers Exert Pressure - Compaction
Layer by Layer Deposition - Stratification
Moisture acts a Cement & Hence Sedimentary Rocks Formed - Cementation
Lithification
💡
Process Under which Sediments are are converted into Hard Rock under agents of Force are called Lithification
Includes
Compaction
Cementation
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks on the Basis of
Agent of Carrier Basis of Formation
Mechanical Organical Chemical
Metamorphic Rocks
Introduction
Meta - Change, Morphia - In Form
Any Changes in the Igneous or Sedimentary or Old Metamorphic Rock due to Pressure and Temperature is called Metamorphic Rock
Interior of Earth
Inception of Earth
Big Bang Theory
Primordial Matter & Black Hole
Stratification of Earth
Direct Method (2)
Drilling and Mining - 0.1285%
Avg 5-6 KM | Per 32 Metere 1 Degree C Temp Rise
Artificially
Max Deep 12 Km - Kola Peninsula in Russia - Radius Earth - 6400 KM - Hence only 0.1875% - Negligible Reach
Natural Gold Mine - Both in South Africa - 3.9 Km Deep
Mopeng Gold Mine - Deepest
Tua Tunga Gold Mine - Second Deepest
Volcano - 6.25%
Lava Coming Out Forms Rocks which are Studied Later
Diamond to Surface of Earth
Maximum Reach 400 KM - 6.25%
Over All Draw Back
Can Study Mineral Composition but Depth & Limit is Ambiguous
Space Objects - Meteorite, Moon, Mars Mission, Comets, Other Planets, Natural Satellite
Study Meteorite assuming it has same Composition as Earth
Meteor - Burnt by Earth Atmosphere
Meteorite - Falls on Land, Called Meteor Rock - Results in Removal of Outer Layer of Meteorite
Earths Energy
Gravity
G=M1*M2/R2 - Radius Constant,
M1M2 - Distribution of Mass on Earth is Known
Magnetism - GeoDynamo
Due to Outer Core of Earth - Geo Dynamic Effect
Shift in Magnetic Field - Happenings in Earth Core
Seismic Activity - Most Important Method
Seismic Waves - Less Distance Travelled, Less Energy Lost
Hypocenter - Below Earth - Focus of Seismic Activity - Expected to Travel in All Direction - due to Tension & Compression - Elastic Limit
Seismic Body Waves - Travel Inside Earth - Travels in All Directions - Reaches Surface of Earth - Help in Understanding Interior of Earth
Epicentre - Max Energy, Least Distance - Perpendicularly Above Focus
Seismic Surface Wave / EQ Waves - Seismic Surface waves created by Body Waves wave hitting earth surface - FISH - Travels in All Direction on Surface of Earth from EPIC - Causes Shaking & Destruction - EQ Waves
Movement of Seismic Waves
Velocity of Seismic Waves Depends upon (RED)
Rigidity DP HV (High Velocity)
Elasticity DP HV
Density DP HV
Material Obstacle
Touching Obstacles SW change course due to “Difference in Densities of Material” by
Reflection
Refraction
Summary - Types & Characteristic
Deductions
Speed Change - Change in Medium = Change in Density = P&S Waves “BEND” dp “Change in Density”
P Waves End - Medium Changes - From One to Another
S Waves End - Medium Changes - From Solid to Anything
Observation
S Wave Observation - Liquid Core @ 2900 KM
Expected - S Waves should reach all Surface
Observed - S Reaches (0 to 105)
S Shadow ( 105-180)
{ Shadow Region Always Fixed }
Inference 1 - S Travel in Solid - Cant in Liquid - Shadow Zone is 105-180 - Shadow Zone Fixed - Hence Spherical Liquid Region Inside Earth
Inference 2 - From Angle & Density Measurement - This Angle (105-180) = 2900 KM
P Wave Observation - Density Difference
Expected - P Waves should reach all Surface
Observed - S Reaches (0 to 105 && 145-180)
S Shadow ( 105-145)
{ Shadow Region Always Fixed }
Inference 1 - Difference in Density btw Solid & Liquid Regions
Coal Forming Swamps are Found in tropical and sub tropical environments, but ancient coal belts at present are found in location where it is very cold climate,
Wagner suggested that when continents after drifting, reached the tropical climates and they stayed there over millions and thousand of years, the warm climatic tropical zones resulted in formation of coal
later on they drifted to the new locations Ex North America Britain Etc
Proof 6 - Fossil & Botanical Evidence
Collected Fossils of South America, Africa, Peninsular India, Australia, Antarctica
If all continents are put as per Pangea Logic, then fossil distribution show a clear pattern across continent
Hence he Proposed that they lived side by side but moved away when they dies and were fossilised
Glossopteris
Fern Seed Bearing, Woody Hence Heavy
Can Grow only in Temperate (Cold) but is Found in Tropical (Hot) Now
Heavy Hence, Wind cannot take it this far
But it is Found in Afghanistan and Persia too (Glossopteris)
Mesosars
Swimming Reptile of Fresh Water
Found in Africa & SA
Couldn't swim across ocean
Hence Continents were together
Cynognathus, Lystrosaurus & Lemurs
They are Land Reptiles, Cannot Swim
But Found on Coasts of Africa & SA
Proof 7 - PaleoMagentism
Causes of Drifting of Continents by Wegener
He Talked ONLY about 2 Movements
Northward - Polar Fleeing Force
When Earth Spins/Revolves - Continents Slide on Earth Surface, so as to Move Outwards
Considered Pangea at South Pole
this force is not sufficient enough ot move the continent's, let alone drifting
Southward - Tidal Force
Tides are Created due to Gravity of Moon
Earth Rotates - West to East
Bulge Occurs - East to West
This Tidal Bulge - Causes Westward Movement
Criticism - This Tidal Force would need to be 10,000 million times as it is today. if it had such kind of value it would stop earths rotation in a year. but earth is still rotating and revolving
Weakness of Wegener’s Theory
No Talk About Period Before 250 MYBP
Only Talked of North & West Movements, thought Drift was East & West too
Reason for Movement was wrong
Continents Do Not Slide / Float Over Ocean - SiAl SiMa Self Contradicting Debate
Didn't talk about Ocean Floor but they move
Contribution of Wegener’s Theory
Despite of several criticism credit should be given to Wegener because
First Person to give theory about Movement of Continent, His Observation & Evidences were correct
His weaknesses became point for further researches
He dies in GreenLand in 1930 working on his theory ; spent his life proving his theory
For Continent - Mantle Convection Theory (Arthur Holmes)
Not Visible by Naked Eyes - 5/7cm Per Year
Only Heat Transfer mechanism where ENERGY & MATTER moves together
Reasons for Convection - Residual Heat of Formation of Earth & Radioactive Element in Mantle
Types of Plumes - ENERGY
Vertical Plume - Ascending - Hot
Lateral Plume - Looses Energy
Descending Plume - Descending - Cool
Movement of Matter - MATTER
Lighter Element - Goes Up Intermediate - Stays in BetweenHeavier Element - Moves Down
Leads to
Convergence - Compression Force - Lithosphere Comes Close
Divergence - Tensional Force - Lithosphere Goes Away
Contribution - Gave Scholars option to Disregard Wegener’s Logic of Movements & Probe Further Studies
For Ocean - Sea Floor Observation (Ocean Floor Mapping Expedition)
Before Second World War - Earlier we used to think that Sea Floors are Featureless Surfaces
After Second World War - Various Features of Sea Floor was found Ocean Floor Mapping Expedition in search of sunken ships
Region in Deep Ocean where continent begins to rise
Trench
Vertically Deep - 3to5 KM from Abyssal Plain
Deepest Part of Ocean - Abyssal Plain - Ocean Bottom
Deepest Part of Ocean Bottom - Trench
Deepest Part of Trench - Trench Deep
Mariana Trench Challenger Deep 11 KM
Abyssal Plane / Deep Sea Plane
Flattest & Smoothest - Like Plain in Ocean Deep
Avg Depth 3000 Mts-6000Mts from MSL
Ridges / Sea Mount
Like Mt Peaks in Ocean - 3000-5000 M from Ocean Floor but not above Sea
Guyots
Flat Topped Sea Mount due to Wave & Water Current - BUT Below Sea Level
Islands
Like Ridges above Sea Level
Formed Due to - Volcanic / Coral Activity
MOR - Mid Oceanic Ridges
Gentle Sloping, Tectonic Volcanically Formed with Central Fault
Total Length of MOR 65000 KM & Avg Height 2500 KM
Sea Floor Spreading Theory (Henry Hens)
Observation
There is Continuous Volcanic Activity along Central Fault of MOR → Magma Makes Rocks
Move Away from Central Fault → Age of Rocks Increases → Oldest Near Trenches
Rocks on Both Sides @ Equal Distance - Same Age, Composition & Other Properties
Ocean - 400 MY Old but Oldest Rock 200 MY Old
Volcanic Activity
Central Fault - Shallow EQ - < 70 Km
Trenches - Deep Focus EQ - > 300 KM
Explanation in Mind - Vineet Sir’s Video
Magma to CF from MOR
New Rocked Formed at MOR
Magma that doesn't come out, Spreads below to carry away Oceanic Crust this Widening CF ay MOR
Spreads upto Trenches and then Subduct to Asthenosphere
Because of this Compression & Tension EQ Formed at CF & Trench
Magnetic Reversal Observation - Became Proof of SFST
Parallel Strips of Rocks - Normal & Reversal Polarity
Weakness
No Talk about Continents & its Mov
No Talk About Formation of Ridges, Islands & Cont Margins
Contribution
First Theory to Explain Sea Floor Related Observation, Formation and Movement
SFST Summarised
Sea Floor is Youngest Near Ridge Sediments Thicken away from Ridge Volcanic Rocks & Lava is Youngest near MORAge of Sea Floor Increases away from Ridge
Paleo Magnetism (Von & Matthew)Plate Tectonics Theory (Wilson)
Background
By McKenzie, Parker, Morgan & Wilson
PTT = CDT, MCT, SFST
Parts
Kinematic - Movement & Interaction of Plates
Geometric - Measurement & System of Plates
Plate
Earths Lithosphere is Cracked in to Pieces - Some Big & Some Small
On the Basis of Size (Total 15) + Presence on (Continent + Oceanic)
Major Plates (TSA > 20 M Sq Km) (@ 6 Major Plates) (Only Continental, Only Oceanic, Combination of Both)
Pacific Plate - Only Completely Oceanic
American Plate - North America + South America - Both Con & Oceanic
Eurasian Plate - Europe + Asia - Both Con & Oceanic
African Plate - Both Con & Oceanic
Antarctic Plate - Both Con & Oceanic
Indo Australian Plate - Both Con & Oceanic
Minor Plates (1 M Sq Km < TSA < 20 M Sq Km) @ 9 Minor Plates
Juan De Foca Plate - Map
Cocos Plate - Map
Carribean Plate - Map
Nazca Plate - Map
Scotia Plate - Map - Not so Imp
Arabian Plate - Map
Philippines Sea Plate - Map
Fuji Plate - Map
Caroline Plate - Map
Bismarck Plate - No Map
Sunda Plate - No Map
Micro Burma Plate - No Map
Initially People Thought Sunda is South East Asian Extension of Eurasia, but Sunda was seen moving, Now 2 conclusions
Also Believed that Micro Burma was a Part of Sunda
Old Classification
Primary - Major Plate (TSA > 20 M Sq Km)Secondary - Minor Plate (1 M Sq Km < TSA < 20 M Sq Km)Tertiary - Micro Plate (TSA < 1 M Sq Km)
Any Big Plate →? Broken → Minor →Broken →MicroExample - Numbian and Somalian Plate
On the Basis of Most of Crust - From Diagram On the Basis of Type of Crust Along Plate Margin
Sides & Corners of Plate - Plate Margin
Example
SA - Nazca/Antarctica
Indo Australian - Eurasian
Tectonic
Literal Meaning
Means - Construction and Destruction - To Make
Plate Tectonic - Making of Plates
Concept
Lithosphere = Crust + Rocky Part of Mantle
Asthenosphere = Weak Solid Region of Mantle in Lava State - Having continuous convections (MCT)
Asthenosphere - 500 KM Deep
Convection - 700 KM Deep
Convections + Building & Destruction of Lithosphere
Types of Lava
Difference Between CDT & PTT
Types of Forces Causing Geomorphic Processes
Endogenic & Exogenic Forces continuously work bringing Change(Morph) on Earth(Geo). Hence Exogenic & Endogenic Forces are Together Called Geomorphic Processes
Endogenic Forces - Make Less UnEven - Residual Heat
Slow Plate Movements / Diastrophic (PTT)
Orogenic Forces - Mountain Building - Compression (Fold&RF) & Tension (Fault)Epeirogenic Forces - Continent Building - Subsidence & Upliftment
Depth - 100/200 KM
Width - 5/15 KM
Length - 100/1000 of KM
Difference Between Each Block - 1-3 KM Depth
💡
Fault+Block = Rift Valley + Block Mt + Block Plateau
Rift Valley (Independent)
Formation
Formed Due to Formation of Faults & Movement of Blocks - Such Depression is called Rift Valley
Few KM Deep, 10’s KM Wide, 100’s KM Long
Example
East African Rift Valley - Gregory Rift
Western Branch of Rift Valley - Albertine Rift
Afar Depression 3 Plates (Arabian, Nubian, Somalian) - Max EQ
Red Sea & Gulf of Aden - Drainage
Passes Through - Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Tanzania
Largest Seismically Active Rift System on Earth
EAR made Kilimanjaro but now not in EAR (Africa Highest Peak, Snow Capped,
Rift Valleys (Between Block Mountains)
India - Vindhya & Satpura Range - Narmada & Tapi in Between
Europe - Black Forest(Germany) & Vosges(France) - Rhine in Between
Rift Valley Lakes
Within a Rift Valley - Formed Due to Subduction of Fault within a Rift Zone
Example : Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake Tarkana*
Rift Rivers
Slope More - Narmada b/w Vindhya & Satpura
Slope Less - River Congo Tributaries, West Wing of Eastern African Valley
Rift Volcanic Activity & Block Plateau
Con - Oce ❌
Practically Not Found - Theoretically Not Found
If Happens
One Side Oceanic Lithosphere is Created
Another Side Continental Lithosphere is Created
Not Possible - Cont & Oce - From Same Lava - Cannot be Dense & Light at the Same Time
Oce - Oce (1)
Mid Oceanic Ridge
SFST is Oce Oce Divergence of PTT
Example : Mid Atlantic Ridge b/w Africa (Eurasian Plate) & South America (SA Plate)
Divergent Plate Boundary - Value Addition Summarised
Oceanic - Oceanic
Higher Temp DP Low Pressure - in Convectional Cell of Lava
Lithosphere Breaks and Water Tries Going Down and Magma Tries Coming Up
Landforms Created Are
Mid Oceanic Ridges - Chain of Mountains Long Linear Underwater Mountains, Found Mid Ocean Hence - MOR
With Repetition of the Same Divergence
Oldest Will Move Away MOR
Nearest Will Be Near MOR
Newest Will be Near the Fault
Rift Valley - MOR is centre of Rift Valleys
Age of Rocks Equidistant on the Opposite Side of Ridge is seen to have gradually increased age moving from MOR
Temperature of Rocks Gradually Decreases while moving away from MOR
Thickness of weathered Sediments Increases while moving away from MOR
Hence the Oldest Marine Sediments of Ridge are Near to the Continental Margins
This Lava has Ultra Mafic Lava - They Float and Spread More, Hence aren't seen out of water
Exception out of Water - Volcanic Islands - Greenland
Continental-Continental
When Convecting Current Hit the Bottom of Lithosphere back to back
Also Called - Up Dooming & Up WrappingFaulting - Crack Developed Currently Largely being observed near Africa - Specially East of Africa Ethopia West of East African Rift
Not because of Two Plates Sliding but Plates Moving in Same Direction at Relatively different Speeds
Example : Along All MOR
Con - Oce - Trench Trench
Theory - Yes & Practical - Not Yet
Types
Trench Trench
Some Important Inferences
💡
1. Convergence Creates Bigger Continents & Destroys Ocean Floor
2. Divergence Creates Ocean Floor & Destroys Continents
3. FoldMt are Generally Away from Coastal, In Continents
4. Difference Between Margin and Boundary ; Interacting Part of Plate Margins = Boundary
5. One Divergence is another Convergence
SUMMARY - Movements & Formation
Theory - Intra-plate Activities
Tectonic Hotspot & Mantle Plume
Concept
Not Necessary that Asthenosphere & Mesosphere - Have Uniform Material
Because of Heating this Uniform Material would Melt & Rise as Huge Bubble of Magma(1000’s KM Wide) also called MANTLE PLUME
Normally Mantle Plume Magma doesn't mix with Asthenosphere Magma. Like Impurities in Water
Mantle Plume is Stationary - Doesn't Move with Convection Current
Mantle Plume comes from deepest of Mantle even from Mesosphere → Lighter but Denser than Asthenosphere Magma
Formations - Due to Mantle Plume
On Oceanic Plate
When Mantle Plume Rises & Up Dooming Occurs - Its Stationary
Where as Asthenosphere Convection Current is Moving
Hence Chain of Islands(Archipelago) or Chain of Ridges & Sea Mounts are Formed
Difference b/w Islands due to Mantle Plume (Shield Volcano) &Islands due to Subduction (Strato Volcano)
On Continental Plate
When Mantle Plume Comes out on Continental Plate → Forms Lava Plateau
Ex : Deccan Lava Plateau 65MYBP
Indian Sub Continent Part of Indo Australian Plate over Re-Union Hotspot
Then Sub Con Part Moved to Join Asia & now theres ReUnion Island
Other Examples
Fast Plate Movements / Catastrophic (PTT)
Earthquake
Seismometer/Seismograph & Seismogram - Measures Waves PSRL Focus / Hypocenter - Inside Earth at Origin = Focus of Seismic Activity Epicentre - Perpendicularly Above Focus on the Surface, Maximum DamageOccurence
90% Focus - Crust 10% Focus - Mantle (300-700)KM
Measured By - Prelims Imp
Richter Scale (Energy)
Mercalli Scale (Intensity)
Easily Quantified
Cannot be Quantified
Logarithmic
Normal
0-10
1-12
Unit Increase - 10 Times
Linear Increase
Universal in Approach
Depends on Topography
>8 Catastrophic
Varies Invariably
Volcanoes Tsunamis Springs & Geysers
PTT Explain Both Diastrophic & Catastrophic Movements
Exogenic Forces - Makes More Even - Solar Energy
Exogenic Forces
River = Fluvial Forces
Glacier = Glacial Forces
Winds = Aeolian Forces
GroundWater = Karst Forces
Ocean Waves = Wave Forces
Exogenic Process / Gradation Processes
Gradation/Levelling Up = Degradation(Denudation)+Aggradation
Relation between Denudation & Gradation
Gradation occurs of ROCKS
ROCK CYCLE
Detailed Process of Denudation (5) - Create 3rd Order Landforms created on 2nd Order Landforms
Mining, Blasting of Hills, Dam Construction, Mineral Extraction
Weathering on Hill Slopes → Modified Ground Structure → Via Deforestation → Reduces (Mech Reinforcement + Cohesion of Unconsolidated Rocks) → Slope Instability → Slope Failures → Mass Movement
Differential Weathering
Rate of Weathering Varies with Rock(Softness/Hardness), Texture & Other Characteristics & Varied Climatic Condition
Contributes to Unique Land Forms Pedestals, Waterfalls, Monadnocks
Ex : Limestone weathers Quickly in Wet Climate rather than in Dry Climate
Erosion & Transportation
Intro
Process of Extrusion, Extraction, Transportation of rock & rock material by mechanical agent is called Erosion.
Mass Movement
Depositional Forces
Deposition - Collection at a Point
Delta Formation
Characteristic Features Stages of Rivers (3)(Table) - Development of River ValleyDiagram of Phases of River (3)
Example with the Help of River Profile
Diagram
Erosional Activities between OB - i.e Sea Level
Question : Establish a Relationship between Gradation, Degradation and Aggradation
Upper Course - Erosion Role - Degradation Middle Course - Deposition (Coarser Sediments ) & Transportation (Finer Sediments) - Gradation - Example - North Indian Planes Lower Course - Deposition Role - Aggradation Above Actions Depend upon - Velocity & Slope Primarily
Formation of Delta in the Lower Course of the River
Silt Moves to the Last, Mud Already Present, Mud with Water becomes sticky
Sticky Mud + Silt - Obstruction to Flow - Will get distributed into Distributaries
Now Water With Bifurcation → Speed of Water will Reduce → Mud More Sticky → Complete Obstruction
Characteristics of Delta
Why is it called Delta ?
Apex and Base of Delta
Progradation - Development of Delta
Phenomenon of Growth of Delta is called Progradation - Growth of Delta - SeawardsSize Shape and Rate of Growth of Delta
Conditions Required for the Formation of Delta ( World Wide Condition )
Large Quantity of Water in the Upper Course, So that Sufficient Sediment is available through its erosion work. Slope gives X Speed to river, High Amount of Water gives 2X Speed to River
Large No of Tributaries should be join main river to add sediments
River should have a long course so that speed is sufficiently reduced before it enters sea. This is necessary for deposition to take place
No Lake or Any Other Obstruction in the course of river, sediments will be deposited there and left out sediments will not be sufficient for creation of delta
Vast Plain in course of river helps in - Inf( Slope Should be Gentle)
Reduction of Speed
Helps in Deposition of Sediments
Strong Waves and Tides in Sea was away sediments brought by river and hinder formation of delta.
Indian Slope Towards East
West - No Delta
East - Many Delta
Diagram
Example of Delta
Ganga Brahmputra Delta - Sunderban Delta - 1,25,000 Sq Km
Forest - Mangrove Vegetation - Sunderi Trees - Hence Called Sunderban Delta
Specific Characteristics of Mangrove Are
Salinity Resistant - Can Easily Grow on Saline Water
Royal Bengal Tigers are Present Here
More Carbon Sink - Carbon Sucrocession -
One of the Largest Delta in the World
Shared Between India and Bangladesh - Majority with Bnagaldesh
Paddy and Jute Cultivation in Delta - Bnagaldesh Tough Comeption on Jute
Facts
West - Allmost No Delta East - Allmost All the Deltas
Classification of Delta - On Basis of Shape & Growth
Arcuate Delta - Rhone Rhine Po - Arcuate
In Shape of Arc / Semi Circle / Lobate Form - Like Tongue
Middle Portion - Max Extent towards Sea
Margin Portion - Narrowed Down
When River Water (Fresh Water) = Dense as Sea Water
Formed of Coarser Material including Gravels, Sands & Silts
Diagram
Examples Diagram
Examples - Ganga, Nile, Rhine, Niger, Yellow (Hwang Ho), Irrawaddy, Volga, Indus, Danube, Mekong, Po, Rhone, Leena
Nile
Ganga Brahmputra
Place - Gaumukh, Glacier - Gangotri, Next to Gangotri - Glacier - Yamunotri
Bifurcation of Ganga
Bangladesh - Padma
Meghna
Sikkim -
Rhine Mekong
Irawaddy - Life Line of Myanmar
Delta Formation - Salaween
Gulf of Mataban
Yangze, Hwang He Yellow, River Pearl, Si Xiang, Why China doest live Tibet - Moajority rivers of china come from tibet
Water blockaed will finish them
River Yhang Ze is largest river of Asia
Indus - Laike Baikal
River Volga
Origin from Oka
Drain in Caspian Sea
River Po -
Rhone - SOuth Floing Rivers
Bird Foot Delta - Finger Shape Delta
Diagram
Looks like claws of Bird
Formation
River Water Lighter, Sediment in Suspension, Lighter than Sea Water
Example
Mississippi & Missouri - Largest River System of America
Area : Gulf of Mexico | Place : New Orleans
Estuarine Delta - Long and Narrow
In India, In Gulf of Khambath, Narmada and Tapi make - Estuarine Delta - West Coast of India Estuaries are Submerged mouths of River under Sea Formation
Filling of Estuaries of a River - Estuarine Delta
Estuary - Mouth of River submerge under Sea Water
Sub Merging of Mouth of River
By Tectonic Activity
By Sea Level Rise - Regression & Transgression
Diagram
Example
India - Narmada Tapi
Europe - River Seine English Chennal, Elb North Sea, Oder, Vistuala baltic Sea
North America - Great Slave Lake Mackenzi - Beufort Sea in Arctix OCean
All regions from where river draws its water - Catchment Area
During Dry - CA Inc During Flood - CA Dec
Catchment Area Hamper
Ex canal or detour
Dam
In Blocked - Absolutely No Progradation | In Truncated - Less Progradation Due to Erosion
Truncated Delta - Broken
Abandoned Delta - River Can Change of Course ( Man Made, Meandering)
Example : Hwang He
Now in Gulf of Buahi - North
Earlier - South of Pensiual
Cuspate Delta - Tooth Shape or Vague Letter “V” Shape
Exmaple
Formation
Types of Questions
In Mains Diect Question - Classfiication one line
Indian Geography - Why East has More Delta and west only one
Prelims - One Side name and Shape of Delta
Both are Helped by Gravity
Climatology
Space & Universe
Detailed Process of Big Bang Astronomical Distance Measurement
Planet Earth
Shape of Earth Movement of Earth
Major Movements
Revolution
IntroIf Earth was revolving in a “VerticalNon Tilted Axis”If earth was revolving on a “Tilted Axis”
4 Important Tilt Values Effects of a Tilted Axis
IntroEffect 1Effect 2 Effect 3
Causes of Revolution What Would Happen if Earth would only revolve and not Rotate ?Solstices & Equinox Importance of Polar Circles Duration of Day & Night Final Summary
Earth Tilted Earth Not Tilted
Rotation
Causes of Rotation Concept of Time Time Zone Day Light Saving Time
What & How Demand for 2 Time Zones by NE States
International Date Line Eclipse
Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse Causes of Eclipse
Minor Movements
Obliquity Precision Eccentricity Effect of Minor Movements
Rotation of Earth Causing Day & Night Revolution of Earth on a Tilted Axis Different Latitudes Receiving Different Amount of Sunlight Transparency of Atmosphere affects Insolation Sun Spots Slope & Aspects
Process Causing Heating of Atmosphere
IntroProcess of Heating
Radiation Conduction Convection Advection
Vertical Heat Budget Horizontal Heat Budget
Weather & Climate
Difference b/w Weather & Climate Elements of Weather & Climate (7)
Temperature (Atmospheric)
IntroDefinition Importance Factors Affecting Temperature
Latitude Altitude Continentality Maritime Effect Ocean Currents Air Masses Slope Shelter & Aspect Natural Vegetation Types of Surfaces
Representation of TemperatureLatitudinal Heat Balance
IntroBending & Key Rules Which Season Bending is More
Temperature Range
Diurnal Range Annual Range
Inversions
Temperature Inversion
Types of Temperature Inversion
Radiation Inversion Valley Inversion Marine Inversion Frontal Inversion
Pressure & Winds
Atmospheric Pressure Concept of HP & LP How HP & LP Conditions are generated in the Atmosphere
Intro What is Wind Explanations Pressure Gradient Relation Between Isobar Spacing, Wind Speed & Strength Relation Between Isobars & Pressure Gradient
Factors Affecting Winds
Driving Force Steering Force
Coriolis Force
IntroMovement of Different Latitudes Place on Earth Characteristics of Coriolis Force
Frictional Force Centrifugal & Centripetal Force
Winds on Earth Surface
Basic Concepts
Low Pressure Condition
HI - Horizontally Inward
VO - Vertically Outward
High Pressure Condition
HO - Horizontally Outward
VI - Vertically Inward
Non Rotating Earth - Imaginary Situation Rotating Earth - Real Situation
Atmospheric Movement b/w → (Surface & Upper Atmosphere) & (Equator to Pole)
TriCellular Model - Hadley, Ferrel & Polar Cell
Outcome of Tri-Cellular Model on Earth
Naming of Planetary Surface Winds
0 to 30 Lat = Tropical Zone Btw 00 to 30 Lat - Easterly Winds Btw 30 to 60 Lat - Westerly Winds Btw 60 to 90 Lat - Easterly Wind
Shifting of Pressure Belts & Hence Shifting of Planetary Winds
March June - North Ward
June Sep - South Ward
Sep Dec - Southward Further
Dec March - North Wards
Formation of Pressure Cells & Breaking of Pressure Belts
Polar Night Jet Streams Polar Frontal Jet Streams Sub Tropical Westerly Jet Tropical Easterly Jet Stream Small Jet
Secondary Winds
Intro Whirlpool & Vortex
LP Region (Cyclonic)HP Region ( Anti Cyclonic)
Atmospheric
Monsoon
Other Oscillation in Different Oceans
Southern Pacific - El Nino / El Nina North Pacific - Madoki
Humidity
Various Ways of Measuring Humidity
Absolute Humidity
Relative Humidity
Specific Humidity
Moisture Holding Capacity Condensation
Intro Conditions for Condensation
Clouds
Intro Classification of Clouds in the Basis of
Heights of Clouds on Earth Surface
Cirrus - 12K-8K Mt High
Alto - 8K-2K Mt High
Stratus - < 2K Mt High
Expanse
Cumulus - Vertical No Word - Mixed Stratus 0 Horizontal Cloud
Rain Ness / Rain Bearing Capacity
Nimbus - High Rain Capacity
Four Major Cloud Groups
High Clouds
Cirrus ( High Clouds )
Cirro Stratus ( Halo Sun )
Cirrocumulus ( Mackerel Sky)
Middle Clouds
Alto Stratus
Alto Cumulus
Low Clouds
Stratus
Stratocumulus
NimboStratus
Clouds with Vertical Development
Cumulus ( Fair Weather Cloud)
Cumulonimbus ( Steady Precipitation )
Thunder Shower Cloud with Anvil Top (Showery Precipitation)
Effect of High & Low Cloud Clouds above Tropopause
Precipitation
Intro Forms/Types of Precipitation
Rain Snow Hail Sleet
Sleet Formation Hail Formation
Process Causing Precipitation Types of Rain (Precipitation)
Convection Orographic Rain Cyclonic Rise
Cloud Swelling Rain Fall Distribution of Earth
General On Basis of Precipitation
Par Humid (>200cm)Humid Region (100-200cm)Semi Arid Region (50-100cm)Arid Region (<50 cm)
Sunshine Visibility
Important Concepts wrt Cyclones
Doldrums Thermal Equator ITCZ
Tropical Cyclones
Cyclonic ConditionsGeneral Characteristic Formation of Cyclones Naming of Cyclones Reasons of Maximum Cyclones in Northern Indian Ocean Region Why More Tropical Cyclones in BOB Speed & Type of Cyclones Indian Regions Affected by Cyclones Disturbances by Cyclones
Regions of Monsoon Broad Factors Affecting Monsoon
Land Ocean Upper Atmosphere Winds Surface Winds Phenomenon Taking Place outside Monsoon Region
Specific Factors Affecting Monsoon
land ans Sea Breeze on a Larger Scale ( Local Wind)Role of Tropical Easterlies (Planetary Global Winds) Role of ITCZ Role of Upper Atmosphere Winds ( Jet Stream)Role of Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau Role of Somali Jet Streams Role of Phenomenon - El Nino & IOD
Oceanography
Southern Pacific Oscillations
El Nino - Warm PhaseLa Nina - Cold Phase Enso So SO Index, SOI Walker Circulation
Three Phases of Oscillations
Normal Years - Normal Phase
Intro Process Outcomes
Cold Water in Tropical South American Coast
Upwelling(Tropical Western SA Coast), Nutrient Availability, Good Fish Catch
Warm Water Accumulation on Tropical Australian Coast
Creation of Counter Equatorial Current un Equator Region
La Nina - La Nina (Cold Phase)(in 7 to 8 Years)
Outcome
More Upwelling of Colder Deeper Water
More Nutrients → More Fish Availability & Better Fish Catch than Normal Years
El Nino -El Nino (Warm Phase)(in 2 to 5 Years)(Nov Dec)
Broad Outcomes
Eastward Flow of Water from Australia to Peru
Cooler Water Australian Coast
Warmer Water Peruvian South American Coast
in Opposition ti Trade Wind Effect
Peruvian Cold Current is Also not allowed ti reach tropical south American Coast
Poor Fish Catch at Peruvian Coast because No Upwelling
