Leads to Accretion on the margins of Eurasian Plate
Leads to Formation of Volcano in Eurasian Plate (in Tibet Region) → Due to Subduction of Tethys Below Eurasian, at this time even Himalayas werent formed
Tethys Plate Completely Subducts under Eurasian Plate(C) and Melts due to High Temperature of Asthenosphere
As and when Tethys(O) plate subducts, Indian(C) Plate keeps coming towards Eurasian Plate
Leads to Convergence between Indian (C) && Eurasian (C) Plate
Hence Summarising
When Stidyign Himalayas, there are rocks with Marine Sediments → Giving Proof of existence of Tethys Plate
Indo Tsangpo Suture Zone : Place where Indian Plate and Eurasian Plane
Western Margin Interacted first with Eurasian Plate
Western Coastline
Southern Coastline - Emerged
Kerala Karnataka - No Such Resources
Highest Peak of Wetsern Ghats - Anaimudi
Northern Coastline - Submerged
Gulf of Khambat - Rich Oil Resources
Eastern Coastline
Submerged
Compressional Force Towards East - Leading to Lofty Mountain in Nepal Side and Not in J&K
Aravali's
Orientation is from → South West to North East
More Lofty in → South West
Haryana Delhi Denuded → North East
Is it necessary that when oceanic and continental plates subducts, there will always be formation of Volcano ?
No its not Necessary
Concept of
Lateral / Flat Slab Subduction
Stepe Slab Subduction → > 45Degree
Mountain System of India - General
Diagram of Indian Himalayan System
Trans (Beyond) Himalayas Range - Beyond Himalayas
West of Pamir Knot
Hindukush
Afghanistan
Pakistan
and Then Iran
East of Pamir Knot 👇
From North to South
Karakoram Range
Peaks
K2 Peak
It is in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir
It is the Highest Peak in these Ranges
Second Highest in the World
Highest Peak of India is K2
Sadhal Peak
Goshal Bham Peak
Hashal Bham Peak
Glaciers
Siachin Glacier
Largest Glacier beyond Sub Polar and Polar Regions
It is also the Highest Glacier of the World
It is Source of River Nubra which is a Tributary of Shyok River
India Developed Control over Siachen Glacier through Operation Meghdoot
It is also the Highest Battlefield of the World
Amount Spent on Maintaining Army here is Approximately more than 4 Crore per Day
Rimo
Hisper
Baltoro Glacier
Basic Facts
Karakoram Range Originats from Pamir Knot
Karakoram Mountain is also called as Krishnagiri
It forms Indias Frontier with
China
Turkmenistan
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Karakoram Pass
Connects POK with China
It is an Old Silk Route
Silk Route was used to Export Silk from China to
India
West Asia
Europe
Ladakh Range
Extension of Ladakh Range Towards China/Tibet : Kailash Range
Mount Rakaposhi
Highest Peak of Ladakh Range
Ladakh Range is steepest peak of the world
Khardung La Pass
KhardungLa Pass connects Leh with Siachen Glacier
These Pass is maintained by BRO - Border Road Organisation
It is maintained by Project Himank
It has the Highest Motorable Road in the World
Umling La
Its a Strategic Pass
Higher Than Khardung La
Not Open for Civilians
It is only for Civilians
Eastern Most Village of Ladakh with China
Leh
In Ladakh there is a City called Leh
Leh lies on the banks of River Indus
Chatar Pass on Frozen Zanskar and Indus
Hydroelectric Power Plant Present
From Mansarovar Lake in Tibet
River Indus Originates
Travels Westward
Creates Gorge
Flows between Ladakh & Zanskar Range
Forms a Gorge here in Attock
Enters Pakistan
Flows through Plains of Pakistan
Goes into Arabian Sea
Through which Countries do India Flow
India
UT of Ladkah
China
Pakistan
Attock
Zanskar Range Kailash Range
Chimag Dung Glacier
From Here - Brahmaputra Originates
Called Tsangpo in Tibet
Creates a Gorge (Gaddha)→ Dihang Gorge
Enters India Through Arunachal Pradesh called Dihang
From Dibru to Sadiya in Assam → called Brahmputra
Why does Brahmpautra take a U Turn in Namcha Barwa
Lesser or Middle Himalayas Lie Between in South and Greater Himalayas in the North
There Avg ELevation is 3500 to 4200 Meters
This Range is Highly Dissected and Uneven. It Mainly Consists of Metamorphic Rocks
It is Characterised with or famous for Temperate Climate, Alpine Forests, Temperate Grasslands, Terrace Farming
Local Names for this Range is
Pir Panjal in Jammu and Kashmir
Dhauladhar in Himachal Pradesh
Mussoorie Hills in Uttarakhand
Nepal - Mahabharat Range
They are discontinuous due to Differential compressional force and rivers
Most of the Hill towns or resorts are located in this range like in
Jammu and Kashmir - Gulmarg, Patnitop, Son Marg → On Pir Panjal Ranges
Marg Means Valley
Himachal Pradesh on Dhauladhar → Shimal, Dharamshala, Kullu Manali
In Mussoorie Ranges → Nainital
It Passes through Hill Area of West Bengal in Darjeeling
Gentle Slopes of the Eastern Part of this Range are COvered with Dense Forests
South Facing Slope of Other Part of this Range are Very Steep and Generally devoid of Any Vegetation
The North Facing Gentle Slopes of this Range are Covered by Dense Vegetation
Slope
South Facing Slope - Facing Sun - Adret Slope
North Facing Slope - Not Facing Sun - Ubac Slope
Shivalik - Youngest - Sedimentary Rock - Lower Himalayas
Shivalik Range is Made up of Sedimentary Rocks
Altitude Varies from 1000 to 1500 Metres
Hills are Highly Prone to Landslides due to their Sedimentary Region. Here Masswaring will be very high
Shiwalik Ranges Are called
Nepal - Churia Hills / Churia Ghats
Note
Dhauladhar is a Range in Middle Himalayas
Dhaulagiri is a Peak in Greater Himalayas
The Shiwalik Extending Towards North East ; Ranges are called Abhor, Mishmi, Dafla, Miri
Width Varies from West to East.
It is 50 Km in Himachal Pradesh to Less than 15 Km in Arunachal Pradesh
It is composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by the rivers from the north of Himalayas
They are almost unbroken chains of Low Hills except a gap of 80 to 90 Meters which is occupied by the Valley of River Teesta
Teesta is a Tributary of Brahmaputra
As the Shiwaliks were formed they obstructed courses of Rivers draining from Himalayas
The Debris Brought down by the Rivers were deposited in these Lakes, After the Rivers had cut their course through the shivalik Ranges the Lakes were drained away leaving behind plains
These are called as
Doons in the West
Duars in the East
Region btw Greater Himalayas and Middle Himalayas like
Kashmir Valley
Kangra Valley
Kathmandu Valley
Chaus
Eastern Part of Shiwalik Range upto Nepal is covered with thick forest. However Forest Cover becomes thin in the west. The Southern Slope of this Range are almost devoid of forests cover in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. They are Highly Dissected by Seasonal Streams called as Chaus
We can see them in Hoshiarpur District of Punjab
Glaciers and Snowline
The Lower Limit of Perpetual Snow is called as Snowline
Treeline Starts where Snowline
Snowline in Himalayas has Different Height. It depends on Latitude, Altitude, Precipitation, Moisture, Slope and Local Topography
The Snowline in Western Himalayas is at Lower Altitude than Eastern Himalayas
Example: the Glaciers of Kanchenjunga in Sikkim Hardly Moves Below 4000 Meter and those in Kumaon, Lahaul and Spiti move to 3600 Meters
The Glaciers of Kashmir Himalayas may decent upto 2500 Meters above the Sea Level
Reasons
It is because of Increase in Latitude from 28 degree north in Kanchenjunga to 36 degree north in Karakoram
Thus Lowering the Latitude, Warmer the Temperature, higher the Snowline
The Eastern Himalayas rise Abruptly from the Plains without the Intervention of High Ranges
The Total Precipitation is less in Western Himalayas and Mainly takes place in the form of Snow
In Greater Himalayan Ranges, Snowline is at Lower Elevation on the Southern Slopes than in Northern Slopes
Because Souther Slopes are Steeper and Receive More Precipitation as compared to Northern Slopes
Diagram
From North to South
Cross Sectional Diagram
ITSZ - Indo Tsangpo Suture Zone
It represents a Belt of tectonic compression between Indian plate and Eurasian plate (Tibetan Plate)
It marks the Boundary Between Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate
The Suture Zone Stretches from North West Himalayan Syntaxes Bordering the Nanga Parbat to Namcha Barwa in East
The Karakoram, Ladakh and Zanskar Range lies to North of Indo Tsangpo Suture Zone
MCT - Main Central Thrust Zone
It Separates Greater Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas
MBT - Main Boundary Thrust
It is a Reverse Fault Separating lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks
HFF - Himalayan Front Fault
It separates or marks a boundary between Shiwaliks from Himalayan Province from Alluvial Expanse of Indo Gangetic Plains
Regional Division of Himalayas
Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal & Punjab Himalayas
This Region of Him lies b/w River Indus and Sutlej
Kumaon / Garhwal Himalayas
This Region of Him lies b/w River Sutlej and Kali
Nepal / Sikkim Himalayas
This Region of Him lies b/w River Kali and Teesta
Assam Himalayas
This Region of Him lies b/w River Teesta and Dihang
Important Passes to Study
Pir Panjal Pass
Bani Hal Pass
Zoji La Pass
Shipki La
Bara Lacha
Rohtang
Niti
Nathu La
Jelp La
Significance of Himalayas - Add from Self As Well
Prevent Cold Siberian Winds to Enter India because of their Altitude. Had there been No Himalayas, India would be a Cold Desert
They Help in Orographic Rainfall. In India Orographic Rainfall is Maximum
in Ancient Times they acted as a Barrier and protected from Foreign Invasions
They act as National and International Borders
India China LAC
They are Source for Perennial Rivers (Flow Throughout the River, In Ganga in winters Water Volumes will slightly Decrease)
North Indian Rivers - Perennial River
South Indian Rivers - Monsoon River
Source of Fertile Soil
Source of Generating Hydro Electricity
Tehri Dam
Salal Dam
Bhakra Nangal Dam
Abundance of Forests Wealth - Timber & Gum
Temperate Fruits - Apple, Apricot & Orchids
Tourism and Pilgrimage
Amarnath Yatra - National Integration & Communal Brother Hood
Himalayan Region is Rich in Minerals like Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead
Coal (Tertiary Coal Fields with Skeet) is Found in Kashmir
Anthracite Coal (Highest Carbon Content) is only found in Rajouri District
However with the Present Technology are NOT Being Exploited there
It Supports Bio Diversity
Kareva Soil of Kashmir
Source from Saffron by Means of Zafran
2 Great North Indian Plains
Introduction
Rivers Sediments Deposited have created these North Indian Plains
They are formed due to Depositional Activities performed by the River coming from Himalayas and Peninsula
South of Himalayas and North of Vindhyas
Rivers from Him were - Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra
Rivers from Vindhyas were - North Flowing Rivers like Kane, Betwa, Chambal
Sediments from Coarse to Finer
Boulder
Cobble
Pebble
Gravel
Sand
Silt → River can carry this to max distance
Clay
Due to Upliftment of Himalayas Northern Part of Indian Plate got Subsided and Formed a Large Basin, this Basin was filled with Sediments from the Rivers which came from the Mountains in the North ( Himalayas ) and from the Peninsula in the South
These Extensive Alluvial Deposits led to the Formation of North Indian Plains
The Rivers from Himalayas Bring Large Quantity of Sediments with Pebble Studded Rocks and Finally Fulfill this Depression
Chief Characteristics of North Indian Planes
North Indian Plains Range from Mouth of Indus to Mouth of Teesta
The North Plains of India are formed by three Major Rivers or River System :
Indus River System
Ganga River System
Brahmaputra River System
Amongst the Plains of the World → These are the Largest Alluvial Track of the World
There are Plains on the Foothills of Mountains
Great Plains of USA
Central Plains of Europe
These Plain Extend Approximately from 3200 KM from West to East
Average width of Plain Varied Between 150 - 300 KM
In General Width of North Indian Plain Increases from East to West
90 - 100 KM in Assam
500 KM - Punjab
The Exact Depth of Alluvium Plain has not yet been fully determined. However according to recent estimates
The Average Depth of Alluvium Avg Depth of Plain Varied from 1300 1400 M where as towards Siwaliks the Depth of Alluvium Increases
The Extreme Horizontality of this Monotonous Plain is its Chief Characteristics
The Highest Elevation is Near Ambala(West of Haryana) which is 291 M from the Mean Sea Level
Lowest Elevation is Near Calcutta i.e 10 MSL
Ambala Region of North Indian Plains create a Watershed Between Indus and Ganga System
These North Indian Plains are Broken at Micro Levels by the Rivers
Structure of North Indian Plains
Characteristics Features of Bhabhar Zone
It is formed of coarser, pebble studded rocks,
Its porosity is very high
the Surface Moisture will be absent
Water Table will be at Greater Depth due to Higher Porosity
It is not good for agriculture, as it is not fine soil and has deep water. only those vegetations which have deeper roots will survive here
People do agri here but it is not much suitable for agri, a lot of area of bhabhar zone is under agru by means of modern irrigation
Characteristics Features of Terai Zone
It is the re emergence of streams which disappeared at Bhabhar Zone
Soil is relatively finer at Bhabhar Zone
Water Table will be close to the surface
Here Sediment Size is Finer. Hence Porosity is very Low
It is a Swampy Marshy Area. Here Bacterial Activity is very High.
Hence it helps in Nitrogen Fixation → Soils are rich in N2
Hence they are fit for agri
They were thickly forested, however most of the area has been Reclaimed under Agri
Creation of Khadar and Bangar Zone & Concept of Flood Plains
Read the Characteristics from Handout
Significance of North Indian Plains
Cradle of Population
70% Popln lives in Plains
It is suitable for Agri and Transport
The North Indian Plains has Three Parts
1 Punjab Haryana Plain - Indus and Tributaries
Punjab Haryana
2 Ganga Plain - Ganga and Tributaries
UP Bihar
3 Assam Plain - Brahmaputra and Tributaries
Assam Region
3 Peninsular Plateau
What is a Peninsula ?
Any Landmass Surrounded by Water from three Sides
Introduction
It is geologically one of the oldest part of India
It is roughly in the shape of a Inverted Triangle
It is Geologically the Oldest Physiography of India which contains hills, plateaus and coastal plain
Cross Sectional View of Peninsular Plateau
WCP - Western Coastal Plain
ECP - Eastern Coastal Plain
WG - Western Ghats
EG - Eastern Ghats
PP - Plateau
Bird Eye View of Indian Peninsular Plateau
Indian Peninsular Plateau is surrounded by water on the three sides but at the same time is Surrounded by Hills from all the Sides. Namely
To the East - Eastern Ghats
To the West - Western Ghats
They Generate Orographic Effect on the South West Monsoon Winds
Highest Peak of Indian Peninsula & Western Ghar is Anaimudi in the South. Due to When Indian and Eurasian Plate Collided , Indian Plate from the South was Lifted.
To the South - Nilgiri
Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats meet at
Highest Peak is Doddabetta
To the North West - Aravallis
Highest Peak of Aravali is Abu Hills Mt Guru Shikhar
In Gujarat They Have Denuded.
Here we have Gir Ranages and Gir Forests also called as Daand Forests
To the North - Vindhyas
Highest Peak of Vindhyas Sadbhavna Shikhar
To the North East is Kaimur Hills
To the East is Rajmahal Hills
Highest Peak of Raja Mahal Hills is Parasnath Hill
Here the Central Deccan Plateau is Relatively Dry due to it being in the Shadow Zone
Indian Peninsular Plateau has primarily Two Parts
Hills on three Sides
Hill Ranges of the Peninsula
Highest Peaks of Various Ranges
Karakoram - K2 Peak
Aravali - Mt Abu - Guru Shikhar
Western Ghat - Anamudi
Nilgiri - Dodabeta
Eastern Ghat
In Orissa - Mahendra Giri
Over All - Mt Jindhagada
Maikala Ranges - Amar Kantak
Vindhya - Sadbhawana Shikhar
Satpura - Dhupgarh
Sahyadri - Dhodap
Aravallis Range
Aravallis the Oldest Fold Mountain of the World extending from Gujarat in the South West (Palanpur) towards Rajasthan
It is more elevated in South West Region
They continue till haridwar also where it is buried under alluvium of Ganga Plain
It highest Peak is Mt Guru Shikhar ( in Rajasthan)
It acts as a Water Divide Between Indus and Gangetic Plains
Vindhya Range
Extends from Gujarat in the West to Kaimur Range in Bihar to the East
Its Altitude is Low i.e 300 to 600 Meters
It acts as a Water divide between Himalayan and Peninsular Drainage System
It is a Block Mountain
Satpura Range
It is a Series of 7 Mountains
Sat - Seven Pura - Mountains
It is a Block Mountain, Surrounded by the RIft Valley of Narmada
They Stretch for around 900 KM’s
Parts of Satpura have been Folded and Uphieved, thus they are regarded as Structural Uplift or Horst
Meaning of Horst and Graben
Block Mountain is also called a Horst
Rift Valley is also called a Graben
It is called as
Rajpipla Hills in Gujarat
Mahadev Hills in MP
Maikal Hills in MP & CG (Majority in CG)
Some Facts
Mount Dhoopgarh Near Pachmarhi on Mahadev Hills is the Highest Peak
The Satpura Hills is a Water Divide Between Narmada & Tapi
Western Ghats
Introduction
It acts as water divide between river flowing into arabian sea and bay of bengal
They are barrier to South west monsoon winds and hence are responsible for orographic rains
The Western Ghats Extend from Mouth of Tapi, till kanyakumari along the western coast of India
Between 21 Degree North to 11 Degree North
They Run in total for a Length of 1600 KM
Their Average Elevation is 1000 Mtr from Sea Level
These Western Ghats are NOT Real Mountains but they are the faulted edges of an upraised plateau
When Indian Plate was moving over the Reunion Hotspot it experiences intrusion of Magma from Below → This resulted into Domal Upliftment
The Track of the Uplifted Part Coincides with the Central Axial Region of Weakness. This led to Faulting and Subsequent Subsidence of Western Part of Peninsula into the Sea.
The Western Ghat acts as a Watershed or Water Divide between East and West Flowing Peninsular Rivers
Western Ghats Generates Orographic Effect to the South West Monsoon Winds. The Leeward Slope of Mountain has deccan plateau which is relatively dry due to Rain Shadow Effect
In Gujarat they are called as Gir Ranges, but are not prominent due to denudation
Division of Western Ghats are
Northern Western Ghats
from Tapi to North of Goa, it is made up of Horizontal Sheets which is know as Deccan Trap
Trap is a word for Stairs in Sweden. Due to Basaltic Lava being more fluid. It has many varied cooling thus giving a stair like appearance. Hence called Deccan Trap
Mt Kalsubai is the Highest Peak
Extends until Gujarat but has been denuded
Central Western Ghats
The Middle Part in total are called as Baba Budan Hills
He Cultivated Coffee for the First Time by Going to Africa via Arabian Sea
Two Indigenous Varieties of Coffee in INdia
Arabica
Robustus
Pre monsoon shower good for their cultivation is Cherry Blossom Shower (Local Thunderstorm Associated)
It extends from 16 Degree North upto Nilgiris
Average Height is 1200 to 1500 Meters
Important Peaks are
In Middle Western Ghats the Highest Peak is Mullayanagiri
Vavul Mala in Karnataka & Kerala Border - 2235 Meters
Kudremukh - 1892 M - Rich in Iron Ore Extraction
Pushpagiri - 1749 M
Southern Western Ghats
It has the highest peak of western ghats called Anamudi.
It constitutes the Southern Hill COmplex comprising of Nilgiri, Annamalai & Cardamom Hills
Imp Grasslands here are Shola Forests
Nilgiri
Meeting Point of Western & Eastern Ghats
HIghest Peak of Nilgiri is Doddabetta
Passes / Ghats (Man Made / Natural) in Western Ghats
Thal Ghat / Thul Ghat && Bhor Ghat
Thal Ghat & Bhor Ghat provide passage by road and railway between konkan plains in the west and deccan plateau in the east
Plains of Maharashtra & Goa are together called as Konkan Plains
Eastern Ghats
Bordering the Deccan Plateau, Eastern Ghats Run Almost Parallel to the East Coast of India.
Eastern Ghat is a Group of Hills, Intersected by East Flowing Peninsular Rivers of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Kanara & Vagai (TN)
Thus, they are not considered as Perfect Barriers
It Joins the Western Ghats in Nilgiris
The Important Peaks Comprising Eastern Ghats Are
The Highest Peak of Eastern Ghat is Jindgarha (Andhra Pradesh)
The Highest Peak of Eastern Ghat in Orissa is MahendraGiri
The Important Hills Comprising Eastern Ghats Are
Northern Circars, Orissa
Nallamalai, Andhra Pradesh
Velkonda, Andhra Pradesh
Palkonda, Andhra Pradesh
Javadi, TN
Shevaroy, TN
Difference Between Eastern and Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats are discountuos as compared to western ghats
They are discontinuous due to flow of Rivers
Plateau in the Centre
Diagram of Divisions (Khands)
The Indian Peninsular Plateau is Divided into Parts called (Khands)
Three Parts of Plateau Region of Peninsula
1. Central Highland - Madhya Bharat
Malwa
South of Ganga Plains, North East of Aravalis, North of Vindhyas, A Triangular Feature is called as Malwa Plateau (Also called Central Highlands)
It has extension towards east i.e Chota Nagpur Plateau
It is more wider in the west and narrower in the east
Towards west I merges with thar desert
Bundelkhand
Prelims Based Facts for Bundelkhand Upland
It is bounded by
North - Yamuna River
South - By Vindhya
North West - North West
It has a Senile Topography (it means featureless characteristics due to high erosion) which comprises of Small Rounded Hills of Granite, Niece and Stand Stone
Baghelkhand
It lies to the east of Maikala Range
It comprises of
Vindhyan Sand Stone
River Soan Basin
Thick Forest
Chota Nagpur Plateau
Northern Part - Hazaribagh
Southern Part - Ranchi Plateau
It Includes Jharkhand, Northern CG & Purulia in West Bengal
It has an average elevation of 700 Mtr. The Plateau consists of Series of Step Like Sub Plateau locally called as Patlands such as Hazaribagh and Ranchi Plateau
Examples of Pat Land - in a Series
The North Eastern Projection of CNP is Raj Mahal Hills
Numerous Rivers Flow downward from this Plateau making Number of Waterfalls (The Drainage Pattern is called as Radial Pattern)
It is also called as Mineral Heartland of India
It is rich in terms of Metallic and Non Metallic Minerals
It is also called as Ruhr of India ( Ruhur is a Valley in Germany known for Coal Deposits)
A Part of Telangana Plateau is Rayalaseema Plateau
CG / Bastar / Dandakaranya Plateau
Division Between Central Highlands & Deccan Plateau
Central Highlands → North of Narmada
Deccan Plateau → South of Narmada River or Satpura Range
3. North East / Purvanchal
Shillong / Karbi Anglong / Megalin Plateau
Introduction
Karbi is an Autonomous Region of Karbi Tribe, has been recently declared as a District
Assam is a Plain formed by Brahmaputra, but has a plateau called Karbi Anglong Plateau
The Megalin Plateau is separated from Peninsula Plateau by Garo Rajmahal Gap
The Highest Peak of Plateau is Shillong
Region has Hills like Garo Khasi, Jaintia
It has 2 more hills called
Mikir Hills / Rengma Hills
Karbi Anglong Hills
It is an Extension of Megalin Plateau towards Assam
It is rich in mineral resources like
Coal - Tertiary
Iron Ore
Limestone
Uranium
This Area Receives Maximum Rainfall from South West Monsoon ; as a Result of this Megalin Plateau has Highly Eroded Surface
Cherrapunji Located in the Southern Slopes of Khasi Hills, displays a Bare Rock Surface which is devoid of any permanent vegetative cover
Raj Mahal Garo Gap
The Two Disconnected Outline Segments of Peninsular Plateau are seen in Raj Mahal and Garo Khasi Jaintia Hills
It is believed that due to force exerted by North West Movement of Indian Plate at the time of Himalayan Origin. A Huge Fault was created between the Raj Mahal Hills and Megalin Plateau
Later this Depression got filled with Deposition Activities of Numerous Rivers. Especially River Ganga & Brahmaputra
As a Result, today Megalin & Karbi Angolan Plateau stands attached from the main peninsular block
Plateau Categorisation on the Basis of Origin
Volcanic Plateau
Process
Volcanic Plateau are formed by the Cooling & Solidification of Basic Lava which is Basaltic in Nature
Their Decomposition and Disintegration, results into the formation of Black Soil
Kathiawar Plateau, Gujarat
Near Gulf of Khambhat
Also called as Kutch Kathiawar Region
This Region though is an extension of peninsular plateau (in kathiawar region there are rocks of deccan lava)
Because Kathiawar is made up of deccan lava and there are Tertiary Rocks in the Kutch Area
However as of now, they are treated as Integral Part of Western Coastal Plain, cuz they are now levelled Down
Malwa Plateau Deccan Trap, Maharashtra
If a Plateau is surrounded by Flat Top Hills, it is called as Trap.
The hill surrounding it are, Ajanta, Balaghat, Harishchandra
The Deccan Trap comprises of Three Parts as
Maharashtrian Plateau
Has a typical deccan trap topography underlying by Basaltic Rocks
Disintegrates into Black Soil or Regur. Good for Cotton Cultivation
Karnataka Plateau / Mysore Plateau
It is divided into Two Parts
The Western Part is Hilly called Malnad
The Eastern Part is Rolling Plain called Maidan
Maidan Plains are known for Ragi Cultivation
Telangana Plateau
Dissected Plateau
They are made up of Old Metamorphic Rocks. They are Erosional Plateaus with Low Altitude and Low Slope
Examples Are
Bastar Plateau of CG
Telangana Plateau
Rayalaseema Plateau
Malanad Part of Karnataka Plateau & Tamil Nadu Plateau
4 Coastal Plains
Coastal Plains of India
1 Western Coastal Plain - Guj, Mah, Kar, Ker
From Tapi till Kanyakumari
Northern Part - Submerged Coastline
Gujarat Coast / Kathiawar Coast
Comprises of Kutch & Gujrat Coast
Kathiawar is a part of Indian Peninsula but due to denudation it has been levelled
There is a Range here called Girnar Peninsula. The Girnar Ranges here are not high enough to give them a suitable height of obstruction for orographic rainfall
Konkan Coast
Goa & Mah Coast
Canara Coast, Ktk
Locally Referred Part of Western Coast is Canara Coast
Southern Part - Emerged Coastline
Malabar Coast, Ker
Special Feature is of Backwaters, which is called as Kayals here
Backwaters are Economically very important, they are used for Navigation
2 Eastern Coastal Plains - Orissa, Andhra, TN
Eastern Coastal Plains Stretch from Tamil Nadu in South to the West Bengal in North
Over All Emerged Coast Line - Due to Delta
Its constituents are
Utkal Coast
It is a Deltaic Plain of Ganga Delta to Mahanadi Delta
Here we have a Lagoon / Backwater called as Chilka Lake
Utkal Plains to Lake Pulicat contains Delta of Godavari & Krishna
Example: Kolleru Lake
The Depositional Activity of Krishna and Godavari, this lagoon is completely blocked from sea, due to its loss of connectivity to sea and at the same time, fresh water from Narmada and Godavari, It has turned into a fresh water lake
Northern Circars
Lies Between Mahanadi and Krishna
Coromandel Coast
It is between River Krishna & Kanyakumari
It consists of cauvery delta
Eastern Coast of India - Important Lagoons
Chilika Lagoon, Orissa
Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh - Fresh Water
Lake Pulicat (Called Sriharikota Island Now)
5 The Islands
1 On Shore Islands2 Off Shore Islands
No of Island
Total - 247
Arabian Sea - 43
Bay of Bengal - 204
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Introduction
They are Convex to the West
They are extensions of Arakan Yoma
Its a Tropical Evergreen Semi Evergreen Forest type Vegetation
North Andaman
Saddle Peak
East of Saddle Peak is a Extinct Volcano called Narcondam Island which is inhabitable
Below that is Barren Island, which is a Active Volcano
Middle Andaman South Andaman Duncan Passage
Little Andaman Separated by South Andaman by Duncan Passage
Little Andaman 10 Degree ChannelCar Nicobar Great Nicobar
Southernmost Point is Indira Point, half of it got submerged under water after Tsunami of 2005
Lakshadweep Islands Group
Created by Chagos Laccadive Ridge
Ridge - Long Liner Under Sea Mountain
They are Organic in Origin because there are coral deposits
Examples
Minicoy Island
9 Degree Channel Separates Minicoy Island from Kavaratti
Karvati
It’s a Tiny Group of Island, These Islands are Organic in Origin. These are Coral Islands located over Mid Oceanic Ridge
Example of Mid Oceanic Ridge is Minicoy Chagus Ridge
These Coral Islands are circular or Elliptical with a Lagoon in the Centre also called as Atolls
