1B - Later Cholas / Gretaer Cholas (850 AD - 1258 AD)
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The Last Pallava Ruler was Aparajitha Varman He was killed by Aditya & Cholas in 879 AD
Introduction
Capital - Tanjore / Tanjavur
Emblem - Tiger
Port - Kaveri Patnam
Court Langage - Tamil
Replaced the Pallavas
Known for their Local Self Government and Naval Supremacy
Rulers
Vijayalaya
Founder
in 850 AD he declared independence and made Tanjore as his capital
For the Next 29 Years, Cholas and Pallavas were contemporaries
Aditya Chola
Killed Aparajit Varman in 879 AD
Then, Occupied the Entire Region
Hence, he called the Real Founder of Chola Kingdom
Parantaka Chola
Son of Aditya
He was a Great Builder
He Constructed the Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu
This Temple has a Golden Roof
It's a Dancing Shiva Temple
Hence, it is called the Golden Temple of South India
The Rashtrakutan Ruler defeated Krishna 3 defeated him in the Battle of Takollam in 949 AD
Rashtrakutas Annexed the Northern Territories of Cholas
Parantaka felt humiliated and he died
Sundara Chola
The Son of Parantaka
He TRIED to recover some of the lost territories from Rashtrkuta
Uttama Chola
Son of Sundara Chola
He Recovered all the territories which were lost to the Rashtrkutas
Uttama Chola was a Scholar and he died shortly
When he was in Death Bed, He made his Youngest Brother of 16 Years Age
He made him Promise, that he will defeat Rashtrakutas
He Said, He will defeat everyone chera, pandya, ECV & Rashtrakutas
Uttama Chola said, No Only Defeat Rashtrakutas
Uttama Chola died
Raja Raja Chola 1
Introduction
He is youngest brother of Uttam Cholas
He was Greatest, Ambitious, All Powerful, popular, Military Strategist
He was a Scholar and an Expansionist
He was a Hard Core Saivite
He is Contemporary of Ghazni
His Army was good in Elephantry
Campaign 1 → Direct Control
He Attacked and Defeated
Rashtrakutas
Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi - After this there was no ECV
Cheras
Pandyas
and put them all in his Direct Control This was Successfull
Campaign 2 → Indirect Control
He Attacked and Annexed Northern Part of Ceylon and put them under Indirect Control Didn’t attack South Ceylon as it was a Tribal Kingdom
Campaign 3 → Indirect Control
He attacked and Annexed
Java & Sumatra Islands
Sri Viajaya
Laos
Vietnam
Cambodia
Lakshadweep
Maldives
Malay Peninsula
and put them under Indirect Control
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Raja Raja Chola made the
Sea of Bay of Bengal as the Lake of Cholas
He Constructed - Brihadeshwara Temple
in 1010 AD - He Constructed a Shiva Temple at Tanjore called the Briha Deshwara Temple
It is first Granite Temple of India, Complete Granite, No Bricks
Its a UNESCO Heritage Site
It is also called a Periya Koil
Periya - Big
Koil - Temple
This Temple has a MONOLITHIC
Linga
Nandi
Shikhara
He Died in 1014
Feb, 1014 - Ghazni Broke Thaneshwar Temple
Nov, 1014 - He was in his Deathbed
on his deathbed he asked 3 promise from his son
When I Die, Give me a Virakkal
There is a man called Ghazni, breaking temples, as soon as he reaches Narmada, kill him
He said never attack North India, he asked why not and RRC said Ana Muda i.e Shut Up
Rajendra Chola (1014 AD - 1044 AD)
Introduction
Greatest Ruler, Expansionist, Popular, Scholar, Military Strategists
He was Son of Raja Raja
He was called the “Pandita Chola”
He was sad at the time of coronation, because he didn't had any scope for expansion now
Conquests
Conquests 1
He attacked & annexed Entire Ceylon → Direct Control
Conquests 2
He attacked and annexed Northern Part of Australia → Indirect Control
Conquests 3
He attacked and annexed Andaman and Nicobar Islands → Direct Control
Conquests 4
He attacked and defeated Mahipal 3
The pala ruler but didn't annexed Pala Kingdom In the Coronation Ceremony
Rajendra Chola Re Coronated Mahipal 3 himself
Rajendra Chola didn’t want to annexe north because of Cultural Differences
Rajendra Chola went to PM of Raja Raja Chola
PM gave him the Letter of Raja Raja, Rajendra Chola Read the Letter it said,
You Stupid Son, you attacked North, Now u have known about the Cultural Difference of North
Mahipal wanted to give something
Money - No Matrimonial Alliance - No Elephant - No Waters of Ganga - Yes Mahipal gifted Rajendra with 15,000 pots of Ganges Water,
Gangai Konda Chola Pooram
Gangai : Ganga
Konda : Having
Chola : Chola
Puram : Kingdom
At the Centre of City Rajendra constructed a water tank, 15000 pots of water tank was poured into ti
Symbolising the entry of Ganga to Chola Kingdom
He Constructed a Shiva Temple called as
Gangai Konda Chola Puram Temple
Brick and Stone
It is a UNESCO Site
It is at Ganagi Kond Chpola Puram
It Resembles Brihadeshvara Temple
But it is smaller than Brihadeshvara Temple
After Him Weak Successors Continued Rajnendra 3
He was killed Sundara Pandya in 1258 AD where by Cholas came to an end
After this there is no Chola
Pandyas Emerged Powerful
1C Conquest of Ghazni (1000 AD - 1027 AD)
Introduction & Background
Ruler of the Yamini Dynasty of Central Asia
Capital was Ghazni in Afghanistan
He and His Dynasty was Powerful
He was a Pious Muslim and a Scholar
He was Undefeated in his lifetime
He had one of the strongest army
He took help of Jats
He Had 2 Aims
To Loot / Attack India Every Year
To Spread Islam
Never to Rule India
Attacks of Ghazni (Ghaznavid Dynasty/Yamini Dynasty)
Total Conquest
In totality he did
21 Attacks
17 Attacks were of Major Ones
1000 AD - First Attack on Hindu Shahi (HS)
First Attack on the Hindushahis
He attacked, plundered & looted
HS Ruler - Jayapala
1001 AD - Second Attack on HS
He came Attacked, Plundered, Loot
Battle of Wai Hind between Jayapala and Ghazni
1004 - Again on HS
Attacked Plundered Looted
He converted people of multan province to Islam
1009 - Again on HS
Attacked Plundered Looted
1014 - Attack on Thaneshwar
Broke the Chakra Swami Temple
1021 - Attack on Chandelas
1023 - Again on Chandelas1024 - Planned the Somnath Campaign
Reached Somnath
Attacked Plundered Looted
Broke the Temple to the Ground
When he went back, he was disturbed by the Jats
Now Jats got to know that Ghazni was a Invader
Jats Started disturbing him
Ghazni waned the Jats
1027 - Came to India to Punish Jats
He Killed Many Jats in India
Last Attack on Hindu Shahis
He Attacked Plundered Looted
1030 - Ghazni Died Al Beruni
He was the Court Historian of Ghazni
was an Arab, Linguist, Scholar
He accompanied Ghazni in all his Indian Campaigns
He wrote a book called “Kitab Ul Hind”
About Rajputs
It Speaks about the Political, Economic, Social, Religious life of Rajputs
Polity of India is divided and Political Instability was seen
Economically India was a rich country and self sufficient
Socially they were divided and rigid
Religiously they were Secular
About Wealth of India
Wealth of Rajputs
Fertile Land
About Cholas of South India
Ghazni Knew South India
But he didn't go to South India
Al-Beruni writes that if his master would have gone down the south he would have lost because cholas were a naval supremacy
Knowledge of Indians
Patanjali Yoga
He writes Indians are Calculative
After 1048 Years of Ghaznis attack the next Invader Entered India with the Aim to Rule India
1D - Conquest of Ghori ( 1175 AD - 1206 AD)
From Ghazni to Ghori there was a 1048 Years GapIntroduction
Ruler of Shahasbani Dynasty of Central Asia
Its capital was Ghori / Ghur / Ghor in Afghanistan
Rival Kingdom was - Ghaznavid Dynasty
His Aim was to Rule India unlike Ghazni
Slaves of Ghori
He was fond of Slaves
Qutubuddin Aibak - Fondest
Father Son Relationship
Tajuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki
Conquests of Ghori
1175 AD - First Attack
Hindu Shahi - Defeated Gujarat - Defeated
1180 AD - Attack on Hindu Shahi
Occupied Lahore
1184 AD - Attack on Hindu Shahi
Occupied Multan
1186 AD - Attack on Hindu Shahi
Occupied Pakistani Punjab (Modern Day)All 3 Kingdoms of Hindu Shahi had been taken away this led to fall of Hindu Shahi
1191 AD - Attack on Bhatinda (Battles of Tarain)
It was under Prithvi Raj Chauhan Chauhan was in Delhi Chauhan Coming Up Ghori Coming Down They met at a Place called : Tarain 1191 AD - First Battle of Tarain
b/w Prithvi Raj Chauhan & Ghori
Ghori Ran Away, Goes Back, Chauhan didn’t kill him
Aibak went to Jai Chand (Father in Law of PRC)
1192 AD - Second Battle of Tarain
Between PRC & Ghori
PRC was Killed
This led to Fall of Chauhans
He appointed son of PRC as a Puppet Ruler and allowed him to issue Goddess Laxmi Coins
1194 AD - Attacked Kannauj (Battles of Chandawar )
Battle of Chandawar between Jai Chand and Ghori
He who has Kannauj has North India
But this led to Fall of Kannauj
Ghori divided into Conquest into 4 Parts
Already Existing Kingdom
Already occupied places like Lahore, will be managed by Tajuddin
Western Conquests - Q’Aibak as CiC
by 1206 AD
He Annexed Solankis
He Annexed Paramaras
Central Conquests - Ghori as CiC
by 1206 AD
He Annexed the Chandelas
He Annexed Kalachuris
Eastern Conquests - Bakhtiyar Khilji/Kaki as CiC - Pending to ADD
by 1206 AD
He Annexed the Senas
He Annexed the Palas
He Burnt the
Nalanda University
(Ruins of Nalanda is a UNESCO Site)
Vikramshila University
Odantipuri University
He burnt the Universities thinking that they were palaces
1203 AD - Declared Independence and proceeded towards Tibet
Death of Gori
1206 AD Gori Reached Multan, during his evening prayers he was killed by
The Khokars ( They were religious sect of Multan )
With Death of Q’Aibak
Q’Aibak declared Independence & established the Slave dynasty in 1206
Chapter 2 - Delhi Sultanate
(1206 AD - 1526 AD)
It is divided into 5 Dynasties
Introduction of Delhi Sultanate
Who is called a Sultan ?
Sultans was a Ruler who accepted the Caliph as their overlord
Initially the Caliphate was in Baghdad, then it shifted to Turkey
No Caliph Came to India
Hence they were called Delhi Sultan
Mughals respected the Caliph but didn’t took them as overlord
Why are they called Delhi Sultans
All Rulers had their capital at Delhi except two rulers
Qutubuddin Aibak &
His Son Aram Shah
had capitals as Lahore
Later Illtumish shifted it to delhi and then it continues until Akbar shifted it from Agra
Tughlaq Shifted to Devagiri, but returned back and hence we dont count him in a non delhi capital
Mamluk is a Person born out of free parents, who does not know their identity, they dont know about their parents
These three slaves were Mamluk Also
Why is the Dynasty called Ilbari Clan ?
He was from Ilbari Clan
Rulers
1. Qutubuddin Aibak
(1206 AD - 1210 AD)
Slave of Ghori
Introduction
He was Founder of Slave Dynasty
His Capital is Lahore
No Wars, No Annexation,No Conquest
He earned the Title Lakh Baksh → Giver of Lakhs
Construction of Qutub Minar
He laid the construction of Qutub Minar in Delhi & dedicated it to a Sufi Saint “Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki”
But the Qutub Minar was incomplete in his time, only one floor was made
Theory of Sufism - Love
They were from Iraq Iran → Baghdad
In Persia - Lots of Fight
Islam Division - Severe Fight
Shia
Sunni
When this Tiff became Intense → It became a Battle
Crusade : Killing people in the name of religion
Some old people, formed themselves in the form of Group called Silsila
Each Silsila had a Head called Sheikh / Khwaja
These Sheikhs had some magical powers, mystical powers
If they say something it will happen
Sufism Were
They were a Muslim only
God Allah
Text - Quran
They Tried to Liberalise Islam
Islam Prohibits Music
They did Qawwali
Aurangzeb was against Sufism
Some didnt eat meat in Persia
With Ghori came some chishtis
Chishti - Ajmer
Chishti - Delhi
Qadri - Punjab
Naqshbandi - Multan
Build a Tower here and History will remember u forever
Salim Chishti
On the way back u will meet a rajput princess and you will give birth to a son
Dargah is the place where the sufi monk is buried
Madurai - Dargah
He died while playing “Chaughan” i.e Horse Polo in 1210 AD
2. Aram Shah
(1210 AD)
Son of Q’Aibak
Weak, Incapable, Puppet Ruler, Drunkard
His Capital was Lahore
3. Illtumish
(1210 AD - 1236 AD)
Slave of Q’Aibak
He was defeated by Iltumish
He was Slave and Son in Law of Q’Aibak
He is considered to be the Real Founder of Slave Dynasty
as he began to expand and administer
He Shifted the Capital to Delhi fearing the Mongols
Mongols
He Shifted the Capital to Delhi fearing the Mongols
They were Barbarians and used to kill him, once they occupied a kingdom, they used to marry women of that place.
Chenghis Khan is contemporary of Iltumish, Mongols.
Mongols werent muslim, they were following corrupted form of Buddhism, called Shamanism.
Later Mongols became, muslim as and when they moved towards, central asia, they tasted islam
They wanted to occupy India, then Persia, then Persian Empire (Baghdad).
They were good fighters and strategists
they even trapped the, Tattari Tribe
Delhi
Is a Strategic Location
From Delhi to Haryana is Easy
From NWFP to Haryana is tough
He created a powerful group of Turkish Nobles called “Turkan-e-Chihalgani” or “Chalisa” → They are called as King Makers
They were Ranked from 1 to 40
This made him strong
He completed the construction of Qutub Minar and made it as a Four Storied Tower
dedicated to Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki
He made it with Red Stand Stone
Chenghis Khan
Chinghiz Khan, the Mongol Leader planned to attack India. He stood at River Indus for 4 Months.
He left Indus, reached Persia, annexed it and on his way, he died naturally
He didn't come to India
For China, India is West, who attacks India should attack Persia, for Mongols, India was a Golden Duck.
He Introduced the Iqta System (Feudalism)
He sent a deed of Investiture to the Caliph of Baghdad
Caliph accepted it and gave him the title “The Sultan”
He issued
Silver Coin - Tanka
Copper Coin - Jintal
Gold Coin - Dinar
Coins had Quranic Verses
No Image of Rulers
Till Later Mughals this continued
It had name of the Ruler ex First Muslim Women Ruler Coin Noor Jahan Coins
these coins had Monetary Value
He died of Natural Death
4. Ruknuddin Feroz
(1236 AD)
Son of Illtumish
He was son of Iltumish
Weak Incapable Puppet Drunkard
Defeated by his Step Sister called Raziya Sultana
5. Raziya Sultana
(1236 AD - 1240 AD)
Daughter of Illtumish
3.5 Years of Rule
The first and Last Muslim women ruler of India
Daughter of Iltumish
She was a Scholar
She was an Excellent Hunter
Good Administrator
An Excellent Warrior
She was a very good Archer
She never wore a Purdah to the Court
She discarded the Female Apparel, She wore men's attire
She was unmarried
She asked for a good bodyguard, his noble said he would get slaves from Gujarat, they were slaves from Horn of Africa, Horn of Africa were good in Sea Piracy, Noble Bought a Slave Raziyas Slave was 7 Ft Tall
She purchased an Abyssinian Slave (Ethiopia), called Yakut and made her as her Bodyguard. Later he was made incharge of Royal Stables
Chalisa was against Raziya
Althunia raised a Revolt on Raziya, he was governor of Bhatinda, Punjab
Iltumish had given the letetr to althunia to marry her
when she met him, he proposed for marriage, they fought together,
Yakut was killed by Chalisa by 1240
The Chalisa Killed Althunia and Razia
Razia Althunia were buried near the Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah. ASI is repairing the tomb
6. Bahram
(1240 AD - 1243 AD)
Just the Name
7. Masud
(1243 AD - 1246 AD)
Just the Name
8. Nasiruddin Mohammed
(1246 AD - 1266 AD)
His PM/Wazir was Balban was a Defacto
He Married the Daughter of Balban
Fight for Grandson or who would be the next ruler
Balban committed Regicide, and killed him
9. Balban
(1266 AD - 1287 AD)
He is Son in Law of Nasiruddin Mohammed
He was a Slave of Balban
Full Name was : Ghiyasuddin Balban
He Abolished Chalisa, he was a part of it.
One of the Greatest Ruler, All Powerful, Strict Ruler (Discipline) and Expansionist
Never was Partial towards the Hindu
Example
Hindu Steal Cow : 10 Whip
Muslim Steal Cow : 100 Whip
He made Lahore, 2 Capital and appointed Jalaluddin Khilji, as its governor
Jalaluddin Khilji was a mongol expert
He Repaired all the Forts
He Suppressed the Bandits at Mewar and Delhi & restored peace
He Banned the Sale of Liquor & consumption of it
His Punishments were Severe & Brutal
Example
Cheating of Grand Mother
Mother who was beaten
Nobles were killed for coming late
He Introduced 2 New Persian Practises at his court
Sajda - Prostration before the King
Paibos - Kissing King’s Feet
He is trying to introduce, Divine Theory of Kingship
Islamic Theory of Divine of King → King the Representative of God
Amir Khusro was a child in court
He Banned
Drinking
Gambling
Entertainment
Music - if you dance, cut tongue
Dancing - if you dance, cut leg
Smiling & Laughing - in his court
Court Timing - 6 PM to 9 PM
His Reign / Policy is called as - Policy of Blood & Iron
in 1287, a Mongol Threat was Sensed. So he sent his son Mahmud to NWFP
He died while fighting, this Shattered Balban, Mongols were defeated but Balbans son died
In 1287 Died
10. Kaiqubad
was the Grandson of Balban
Weak Incapable Puppet Drunkard
Wanted a Tank of Wine
He died Shortly
17-Year-Old Boy
11. Qayyumar
He was 3 Years Old
was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji
2. Khilji / Khalji Dynasty
(1290 AD - 1320 AD)
Jalaluddin Khilji
(1290 AD - 1296 AD)
He is founder of Khilji Dynasty
He Checked the Mongols
He earned the title Good Jalaluddin
He was welfare oriented
He was killed by his own Son in Law Alauddin Khilji
Alauddin Khilji was a Soldier in Jalaluddin’s Army
Alauddin Khilji
(1296 AD - 1316 AD)
Introduction
Greatest Ruler, Powerful, Ambitious
First Delhi Sultanate Ruler to achieve Pan India
He Committed Regicide
He was a Great Military Strategists and an Expansionist
First Delhi Sultanate Ruler (FDSR) to Achieve Pan India
He Looted Yadavs of Devagiri to pacify Jana of Jalaluddin Khilji
FDSR to introduce a permanent standing army → Imperial Army
One at Centre - Delhi
One at frontiers - Borders
He paid them in cash
he did this because he wanted to check the Mongols
He paid more than the Akbar
Akbar 1300 Khilji 1500
Still, soldiers complained about less salary, they wanted more salary
Rule of Living in Delhi to be in the Army
Family Came to Delhi
Delhi was expensive
The market was not reformed and regulated
Hence to maintain the Standing Army
Hence, He Introduced Market Reforms
To Maintain the Permanent Army he introduced his market reforms
He Established Sepratae Markets for each and every commodity
These markets were called Mandis
He asked all the Traders to register themselves with the state
Only a Registered Trader could enter the Mandi
He Fixed the Prices for all commodities
Example: Amir Khusro
Court Historian of Alauddin Khilji records it
He was a Sufi
He was a Disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya
He is the father of Qawwali
He is a Great Poet
He Invented Sitar & Tabla
He Appointed Special Officers to Supervise all of them
No Hoarding, Smuggling & Black marketing
No Authority could Increase or Decrease the Prices
These were Implemented in Delhi, then Punjab then Multan
His Market Reforms were a Grand Success
He was the First Sultan to Measure all the LandsHe Two New Practises in the Military Administration
Dagh - Branding of Horses
Huliya - Attendance Roll
This Practised continued until Aurangzeb
These 2 practices were borrowed from Persia
Conquests of Alauddin
North India (1287 - 1303)
1287
He Annexed Gujarat
He Purchased a Slave & Named him Malik Kafur for 1000 Dinar
Hence, he is called Hazrat Dinari
He was highly efficient and a close associate of Alauddin
1299
He Annexed Ranthambore
First Evidence of Jauhar is Recorded
Jauhar is Mass Suicide
Jauhar was not compulsory but a Voluntary Practise
1303
He Annexed Mewar i.e Chittor
Rani Padmini Performed Jauhar
This Jauhar is considered to be the Biggest Jauhar recorded
16,000 Women performed Jauhar
Padmavat is a book written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi is a Folk Lore
His North India Annexation is Complete
South India (1305-1311)
Feudal Lords of Rasthrkutas
The Yadava of Devagiri - Maharashtra
The Kakatiyas of Warangal - AP & Telangana
The Hoysala's of Dwarasamudra / Halebids - Karnataka
Other Rulers
The Pandyas of Madurai - TN
The Cheras of Cochin - Kerala
Points
Conquests are Credited to Malik Kafur
FDSR to achieve Pan India
Map
Creation of Mopillah
Malik Kafur reached Rameshwaram and got a few people converted to Islam and they were called “Tamil Muslims” or “Mopillah”
Islam didn't enter with force
Mubarak Shah Khilji
(1316 AD - 1319 AD)
Son of Alauddin
Weak Incapable Puppet Drunkard
in 1317 he killed Malik Kafur
He was defeated by his Noble - Khusro Khan
Khusro Khan
(1319 AD - 1320 AD)
He is the Last Ruler of the Khilji Dynasty
He was a Hindu, Got converted to Islam
He was defeated by a Noble called Ghazi Malik in 1320
Not from Khilji Dynasty but is running the Khilji Rule
Juna Khan killed GST and took a title called Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
Mohammed bin Tughlaq (Juna Khan) - MBT
(1325 AD - 1351 AD)
4+3 = 7 Events - To Remember
Introduction
He is called the Wisest Fool (The Oxymoron)
He was a Scholar, Astronomer, Mathematician, Agriculturalist, Physician, Calligrapher, Geographer
He was a man of Multiple Character
The “Tughlaqi Aadesh” is famous for his name
He never consulted with anyone
All of his policies were announced at night
4 Policies & there failures (in Chronology)
1. Shifting of Capital
He shifted the Capital from Delhi to Devagiri
Reason
To Get to Centre of India
To Prevent Mongol Invasion
Devagiri was renamed as Daulatabad
He wanted the people of delhi in Devagiri, he didn't leave even a Dog & Horse
It was 42 Days, Many Died on the Way.
He arranged Food & Water on Road
Half of Half Reached Devagiri
He is the King who beat the Children
The Grandmother & Dog Story from Qutub Minar
He Re Shifted again to Delhi within 7 Months
because Mongols were attacking Delhi
2. Token Currency Problems
He Introduced Bronze, Brass, and Low-Grade Copper Coins. He placed it at par with a Silver Coin
Because there was a Demand for Silver
Silver comes from Afghanistan
Mongols blocked the Afghanistan Route
India is blessed with Copper
Hence every household started minting Coins
Then when he did it, he reverted it back
Resulted in Economic Standstill and Hyper Inflation
3. Heavy Taxation of Doab
Normal Tax i.e Bhag - 1/6th
Doab Region - 1/2 of the Produce because Doab was a Fertile / Rich / Monsoon Doesn't Fail
When people got to know about this, people migrated from Doab Region
4. Invasion of Khurasan
To Check the Mongols the Army was sent to Annexe the Khurasan
Central Asians deliberately delayed the war because they wanted to let the winter enter
Due to Winters (Siberian Current), Army had a Setback
2,80,000 Army People Went, 1,00,000 returned to India
He asked the Army to comeback
3 Heart Attacks by South India
1336 - Establishment of Vijayanagar
in 1336 Vijayanagar Empire was Established by two Brothers called Harihara and Bukka with Hampi as their Capital
Hampi is on the Banks of River Tungabhadra
Pan India was lost from here
1336 - Pandyas of Madurai declared Independence 1347 - The Bahmani Kingdom was Established
The Bahmani Kingdom was Established with Alauddin Hasan Gangu as its founder
Gulbarga in Karnataka was the capital of the Bahmani Kingdom & later Bidar in Karnataka
Final Map
He Nominated his Nephew Feroz Shah Tughlaq as his Successor
Feroz Shah Tughlaq
(1351 AD - 1388 AD)
Introduction
He was a Nephew of MBT
Last Greatest Ruler of DS
He was an Ambitious, Scholar, Welfare Oriented, Pious Ruler
His Inspiration was Ashoka
He brought two Ashokan Pillars to delhi
One from Meerut, UP to Delhi
One from Topra, Haryana to Delhi
He Wrote his Autobiography called “Futuhat E Ferozshahi” in Turkish
فئتئھات ع فیرہزسھاھئ
He constructed 300 Towns
Hissar - Haryana
Jaunpur - UP
Firozabad - UP
Ferozpur - UP
He constructed 30 Madrasas
He constructed 3 Universities
Jaunpur University - First Islamic University
He Repaired Hauz Khas built by Alauddin Khilji in Delhi
He Repaired the Qutub Minar which was damaged by Lightning. He added Marble to the Fourth and Fifth Story
So the Height of the Minar got Increased
The Architecture of Qutub Minar
He constructed
Old Age Homes
Orphanage Homes
Homes for Widows & Destitutes
He created a Separate Department for Charity
He Creates a Separate Department for Slaves
He was Fond of Slaves
He had 1,80,000 Slaves
In 1388 he died Naturally
Mohammad Shah Tughlaq
(1388 AD - 1398 AD)
Son of Feroz Shah Tughlaq
Taimur Invaded India and Sacked Delhi for 15 Days
He was a Barbarian
He was 1/2 Turk(father) & 1/2 Mongol (mother)
He was from Timurid or Taimurid Dynasty
He Left India to Annex Persia but on his way he died
He dethroned himself
Nusrat Shah Tughlaq
(1399 AD - 1413 AD)
He was the Last Ruler
He was defeated by his Noble Khizar Khan
4. Sayyid Dynasty
(1413 AD - 1451/53 AD)
Khizar Khan
Founder
Mubarak ShahMuhammad ShahAlam Shah
Last Ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty
He was defeated by his Ruler called Bahlol Lodhi
5. Lodhi Dynasty
(1451/53 AD - 1526 AD)
Bahlol Lodhi
First Afghan Rule of India
He is Founder
He was a Military Commander
Sikander Lodhi
He is the Son of Bahlol
in 1504 he constructed a New City called Agra to check the Rajputs (The Rajputs from Rajasthan)
Ibrahim Lodhi
Introduction
He is son of Sikander
He was Like Dhanananda i.e unpopular amongst his subjects
He is the Last Ruler of Lodhi
He was Unpopular Amongst his Subjects
The Advent of Mughals
The Background
Blue Dot: His cousin and governor of Punjab was a person called Daulat Khan Lodhi
Red Dot: Babur was the ruler of Afghanistan
Rana Sanga was the Ruler of Mewar
They all aimed to occupy
1525 - He Invited Babur to Defeat Ibrahim Lodhi 1526 - Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to Defeat Ibrahim Lodhi They asked him for help
Because he was a famous Ruler
He used Gun Powder for the first time
Ibrahim Lodhi’s Army was big
He Accepted Both the Invitations Here, he fought the First Battle of Panipat In this Battle, Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and killed He took the title of Badshah He declared himself as “Badshah of Hindostan”
Chapter 3 - Mughal Empire
(1526 AD - 1858 AD)
Mind Map
Early Mughals (1526 AD - 1707 AD)
Introduction of Empire
Absolute Monarchy
Rulers were called BadShah or PadShah
They were Sovereign Rulers
They weren’t called Sultan’s because they respected the Caliph but didn’t take Caliph as their Overlord
They were Turks i.e Turco-Mongoloid Race
Court Language was Persian and Turkish
7. They had their capitals at
Delhi
Agra
Fatehpur Sikri
Lahore
8. Ruler wise Capitals
Babur
Delhi - Only Capital
Humayun
Delhi - Only Capital
Akbar
Delhi - First Capital
Shifted to Agra in 1562 due to water crisis in Delhi
Shifted to Fatehpuri Sikri for Salim Chishti in 1571, Here for 12 Years
Shifted to Agra in 1583
Shifted to Lahore in 1584
Shifted to Agra in 1585
Jahangir
Agra - Capital Only
Shahjahan
Delhi Only
Aurangzeb
Delhi Only
It was a Federal State and Unitary Form of Government
Ruler
Babur - 4 Year
(1526 - 1530)
He was from Turco-Mongoloid Ruler
2. Descendence
He is called a Turk because he was the 14th Descendant from his Mothers Dide
He was the 5th Descendant of Taimur from his Fathers Side
He was a Turk because his father was from Turkish Side
He was the Founder of Mughal Empire
He was a Pious Muslim
He was a Scholar
His name is still in 3rd Number Turkish Literature
He was a very good Orator
5. He was a Military Strategist
He was the first to use Gun Powder Artillery in India
Gun Powder already existed with Vijayanagar but Babur used it first
Babur had small pistols
Tuzuk E Baburi Introduction
He wrote his Auto Biography called “Tuzuk-i-Baburi” in Turki
His Mother tongue was Turkish or Turki
This was Translated into Persian and Named as “BaburNama” by Abdul Lahori
Abdul Lahori was a Court Poet of Shah Jahan
Content of Tuzuk E Baburi
Writes about Indian Geography and People
Water Issue in Delhi
Writes about his Contemporaries
Rana Sangha - He Praised him a lot
Ibrahim Lodhi - He called him a Pathetic Ruler
Krishna Deva Raya - He wishes he could meet him but had no point
Gurunanak
Founder of Sikhism
He was a Teacher at Talwandi, Punjab
Writes about his Sons
Humayun - Eldest
Kamran
Hindal
Askari - Youngest
Writes about his Conquests
1526 - First Battle of Panipat
between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi
Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and killed
1527 - Battle of Kanva
between Babur and Rana Sangha
Rana Sangha was defeated he fled away to the forest and he died there in 1528
1528 - Battle of Chanderi
between Babur & Medini Rai
Medini Rai was killed
1529 - Battle of Ghagra
between Babur & Nusrat Shah of Bengal
Nusrat Shah Surrendered
He caught fever here, he got to know that Humayun was on death bed, he moved towards delhi for Humayun, Humayun got ok and he received him
but that night Babur Died of Fever
Writes about his death wish
He was buried at Kabul
as he had asked Humayun to not bury him in Delhi
Timeline Information
(1530-40)(1540-55)(1555-56)
Humayun - First Term - 10 Year
(1530-40)
Introduction
Eldest Son of Babur
He was kind & Humane
He was NOT a diplomat
Conquests
1531
He Annexed Chandela’s of Bundelkhand
1535
Contest with
Rani Karnavati of Mewar
She was the widow of Rana Sangha
Sister Rakhi Humayaun Celebrated
Bahadur Shah got to know. He sent Army to the Jungles of Mewar
Rani Karnavati's sons were killed women were dishonoured by Bahadur Shah
Karnavati Pledged
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
1539
Battle of Chausa
between Humayun and Sher Shah
He Ran for his Life & jumped into the Ganga & a Boatman called Nizam Saved Him
Nizam took him to the nearest city Kannauj
1540
The Battle of Kannauj / Bilgram was fought between Humayun & Shershah
Humayun Lost and He Ran for His Life
Humayun in Exile
He was in Exile for 15 Years
1540 - Reached Malwa, Ruler Refused to Help
1541 - He Married Hameeda Bano Begum in Sindh. She was a Shia, whereas Mughals were Sunni
1542 - Akbar was Born at Amarkot in Rajavirsalas Palace
Humayun cried that Akbar's father was a Refugee King
He gave Akbar to Raja Veer Sala and asked him to not teach him but asked him to teach him war
Humayun sent Bairam Khan, to teach him warfare and military tactics
1542 - He left India and Reached Persia
1555 - Humayun defeated the Last Sur Ruler Sikander Shah
Sher Shah Suri & his Descendants
(1540-55)
Since Sher Shah was an Afghan, we call this period, a Second Afghan Rule in India
First Ruler : Sher Shah Suri
Last Ruler : Sikander Shah
Humayun - Second Term - 8 Years
(1555-56)
There was a revolt at Kalanaur in Punjab
So to Suppress it, he sent Akbar and Bairam Khan
They both Suppressed it
1556 - Humayun slipped off the stairs of his Library and died
When Humayun died Akbar was in Punjab
Akbar - 49 Years
(1556-1605)
Introduction & Background
When Humayun died Akbar was at Kalanaur in Punjab
Bairam Khan immediately coronated Akbar
There was tension prevailing in the kingdom
Meanwhile, a Hindu General named Hemu occupied the Throne in Delhi and declared Independence
and he took the title Vikramaditya
Akbar Declared War on him
They both met at Panipat
in 1556, the Second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and Hemu.
Akbar won the Battle and Hemu was killed
Akbar Reached Delhi
10. Map - Second Battle of Panipat between Hemu and Akbar in 1556
He fought the Battle of Panipat
His reign has been divided into 3 Stages Stage 1 - Tutelage of Bairam Khan (1556-60)
under Bairam’s Control Background of Bairam Khan
Bairam Khan was a Persian
Bairam Khan was a Shia
He was Wazir PM of the Mughal Empire
His wife's name was - Salima Banu Begam
His Sons name was - Abdur Rahim Khane Khana
Background
In this Period No Wars, No Conquests, No Annexations
Because Akbar didn't have brothers and had no Son
Akbar Got Married at the Age of 9 but had many daughters but no Son
Mahanga, the chief nurse of Akbar, poisoned the ears of Akbar
In 1560 Bairam Khan was asked by Akbar to Retire and reached Tilwara in Rajasthan
He was discontent, it had been 22 days since Bairam Khan had gone. He was missing Bairam.
Bairam Khan raised a Revolt against Akbar. Akbar was happy. He asked his soldiers to bring Bairam Khan and asked them to bring him to Delhi
in 1560 Battle of Tilwara occurred between the Mughals and Bairam Khan
There was an Emotional Reunion between them
Abul Fazal the court historian writes about this
Akbar asked Bairam khan to take the job back
Bairam Khan said that it would be a wrong precedent to set that a revolting PM would come back
Bairam Khan wanted to go to Mecca and on his way to Mecca, he was killed by a Soldier Called Mubarak Khan
Mubarak Khan killed Bairam Khan because Bairam Khan had killed his father in the second battle of Panipat
Stage 2 - Petticoat Government
(1560-64)
He was under influence of the Harem or the Janana
He had many matrimonial influences
1562 - Shifted Capital to Agra
1562 - abolished the practise of enslaving war prisoners
1562
AK took a pilgrimage to Fatehpur Sikri to seek blessings from a Sufi called Sheikh Salim Chishti AR
Raja Bharmal of Ajmer (Jaipur) - took a pilgrimage to Ajmer Dargah to seekh blessings from the Sufi Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti AR
Raja Bharmal’s son was General of Akbar, his name was Bhagwan Das
this Bhagwan Das had a son called Raja Man Singh
Man Singh was Commander in Chief of Akbar
Her name was
Bhanumati
Harkabai
She got converted to Islam and Named her Mariam-uz-Zamani
Royal wives were always called with a Title Name
Akbar gave her the Turkish Title “Jodha”
She Married AK - they gave birth to a Son and he was named Salim (as he was born from prayers of Jahangir)
1563 - He Abolished Pilgrim Tax
1564 - He Abolished Jizyah
Stage 3 - Conquests
1561
Annexed Malwa
1562
Annexed Chunar, UP
1564
Gondwana, Norther Orissa & MP
1567
Attacked Chittor
Ruler was Rana Uday Singh & they fled away to the forest & died there
(Son of Rana Sangha & Rani Karnavati)
His Son was Maha Rana Pratap
Akbar Annexed Chittor
1571
Shifted the Capital to Fatehpur Sikri
He was here for 12 Years until 1583
Because he wanted to live near the Place of Sufi Saint Salim Chishti
1572
He Annexed Gujarat
So to Celebrate his Victory he constructed the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri
1576
He fought Battle of Haldighati between Rana Pratap & Raja Man Singh
Though Chittor was under Akbar but Rana was controlling some parts of Mewar
Ran Pratap fled to the Forest (he was wounded) and he died there
His Son Rana Amar Singh became ruler in Jungles
He Annexed Bengal
1580
He Annexed Kabul
1590
He Annexed Ahmednagar
Akbars Empire
Akbar's South Strategy
Akbars told Beerbal about South India
When South Indians Fight i.e Vijaya Nagara & Bahmani Kingdom - they will fight
But at the same time, when someone outsider would come to fight,
Bahmani wouldn't help Mughals
they will unite and fight against
Hence, Regionalism prevails over Religion
Navratna’s of Akbar
Raja Birbal - Court Tester
Raja Todarmal - Economist
Raja Bhagwan Das - General
Raja Man Singh - Commander in Chief
Abul Fazl - Court Historian
He wrote Ain-i-Akbari in Turkish
It was Translated into Persian called Akbar Nama by Abdul Lahori
Faizi - Court Historian
Tansen - Musician
Abdur Rahim - Close Associate
Mullah Do Pyaza - Moral Adviser
1605 - Akbar Died of ill health
Jahangir - 22 Years
(1605-1627)
Introduction
First Son was - Prince Khusrau
Second Son was - Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan)
He was an Excellent Painter and a keen judge of it
Jahangir was also a Scholar and wrote his Autobiography called Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri
Abdul Lahori Translated it to Persian called Jahangirnama
He was addicted to Wine. He was an alcoholic
His Favourite wife of - Nur Jahan
She is the only women ruler who issued the Sheet
She was a Persian
She was a Shia
Her father was Itimad-ud-Daulah
Mother - Asmat Banu Begum
Brother - Asaf Khan
Asaf Khan daughter was Mumtaz Mahal
Her First Husband was Ali Quli Beg
Her daughter with Ali Quli Beg was Ladli Begum
Noor Jahan and Jahangir had no Kids
Thomas Roe writes
She used to control the Empire
Jahangir was a Sick Ruler and used to fall sick
She had blue eyes, she was beautiful
He used to bring Kolhapuri Chappals for here
Khusrau
1606
1. Conquests and Problems
Prince Khusrau Revolted
He was Governor of Punjab
Before Revolting he Took Blessings from the 5th Guru Arjun Dev
Jahangir Blinded him
He turned the Anger towards Arjun Dev
He called him to Agra and asked him to pay a fine
Arjun Dev Refused
Jahangir killed Arjun Dev
Britishers
1609
Sir Williamn Hawkins Sough Permission to construct a factory at Surat
Permission was Granted
1615
Sir Thomas Roe to construct factories throughout Mughal Empire
Permission was Granted
Mewar
1613
Peace with Mewar ; Ruler was Raja Amar Singh accepted the Mughals
Death
1627
He died Naturally
Shahjahan - 30 Years
(1628-1658)
He had 4 Sons
1. DaraShikoh - Punjab Governor
He was Governor of Punjab
He was a Pacifist
He translated Ramayan, Mahabharat, Upanishad into Persian
