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Modern History (1707 AD - 1947 AD)
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Modern History (1707 AD - 1947 AD)
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Modern History (1707 AD - 1947 AD)

 
Transition Summary from Medieval to Modern
Age of Rajputs (7th Century to 13th Century)
They Emerged After decline of Harsha Empire
Muslim Invasion from NWFP
Mohammad Bin Qasim - 712
He Plundered Sindh and Multan
Mahmood of Ghazni - 1000 - 1027
His Goal was to NOT establish a Islmaic Empire but to LOOT India
He was never defeated, of his invasions were successfull
Muhammad of Ghouri - 1175 - 1206
Didn't had any child, hence was surrounded by Slaves and Soldiers. One of his Slaves was Qutubuddin Aibak
Establishment of “Delhi Sultanate” (1206 - 1526)
💡
एक SLAVE ने KHILJI को TUGHLAQI आदेश दिया की SAYYID को LODHI बना दे !
They were mainly Turkish in Origin
Slave Dynasty ( 1206 - 1290 )
First Ruler of Delhi Sultanate ?
Qutubuddin Aibak
Khilji Dynasty ( 1290 - 1320 )
Tughlaq Dynasty ( 1320 - 1413 )
Famous For Idiotic Policies - Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
Empire So Big, Lost Control of South India, South India became Independent
Coins
Shifting of Capital
Sayyid Dynasty ( 1413 - 1451 )
Lodhi Dynasty ( 1451 - 1526 )
Last Ruler of Delhi Sultanate ?
Ibrahim Lodhi
Simultaneous Establishment of “Southern Kingdoms”
Vijayangar Kingdom ( 1509 - 1529 )
Founded By ?
Harihar and Bukka
Four Parts of Vijayanagr Kingdom ?
Sangam
Salva
Tuluva*
Famous King ?
King Krishnadevray
Contemporary of ?
Gurunanak and Babur
Aravidu
In Between Vijaynagar and Bahmani, Exists ?
Krishna Tungbhadra Doab
Bahmani Kingdom ( 1347 - 1526 )
Introduction
Founded By ?
Hasan Gangu
Founded in ?
1347
Hasan Gangu Also Called ?
Alauddin Bahman Shah
Bahmani Kingdom was also called ?
Deccan Sulatanate
What are the Parts of Bahmani Kingdom (5) ? (Enmity Remained Between Them )
Ahmad Nagar - Nizam Shahi
Bijapur - Adil Shahi
Golkonda - Qutub Shahi
Berar - Imad Shahi
Bidar - Barid Shahi
Constant Fighting with (2) ?
With Vijayanagar
Bahmani Rulers Combined Defeated Vijaynagar Empire in ?
Battle of Jalikota or Rakshas Jugadi
Due to War Vijaynagar Empire was Disintegrated into many Small Fragments & …
One Prominet Disintegration Was of ?
Mysore
Mysore was Ruled by ?
Wadiyars / Wodeyars
Now Bahmani Started Fighting with Each Other 🍿🍿
Within Bahmani ( Various Shahis ) (Berar Bidar Phusssh)
Berar was annexed by ?
Ahmed Nagar in 1574
Bidar was annexed by ?
Bijapur in 1618
Now Final Parts of Bahmani Kingdom were ? (ABG)
Ahmed Nagar
Bijapur
Golkonda
Map of Vijaynagar and Bahmani
notion image
Meanwhile Status of “Delhi Sultanate” in North India
Ibrahim Loadhi was Defated
By
Babur ( from Central Asia - Uzbekistan )
In
First Battle of Panipat
Mughals Eyes on Southern Kingdoms
ABG - Annexed in 1632 1687 1688
Ahmednagar by Shahjahan in 1632
Mumtaz Mahal Died
Aurangzeb was Appointed as Governor of Ahmednagar (Deccan) in 1632
Governor in Mughal Language - Subedar / Subadar
Bijapur by Aurangzeb in 1687
Golkonda by Aurangzeb in 1688
Aurangzeb Further Moved South and Captured Pan India in 1698
North - Cashmere
South - Jinjee
East - Arakan Mountains
West - Hindukush
Challenge to Aurangzeb - Marathas (Shivaji & Company)
Problems with Empire (Common with All Big Empires)
Communication
  1. was not Fast
  1. Means of Communication were - Pigeons and Horses
Troop Mobilisation Takes Time
Rise of Regional Local Powers - Specifically Maratha
Basics of Maratha
  1. Originally were Agricultural Peasants
  1. Used to Work in Bahamani Kingdom of Bijapur
  1. Good in Military Skills - Particularly Horse Riding
  1. Many Marathas became Military Personnel like Shah Ji Bhonsle
Shahaji Bhonsle - 2 Sons
Son 2 - Venko Ji Raje Bhonsle - Thanjur Guy
  1. Shah Ji other Son went on to rule territories in modern day Tamil Nadu’s Eastern Coastal Area (Thanjur)
  1. They are called Marathas of Thanjur
  1. Cultural Contribution of Marathas of Thanjur in Important for Exam
Son 1 - Shiva Ji Rao - Rebellious Guy - Part 1
Basic History
  1. Shah Ji + Wife Jija Bai = Shiva Ji (Born in Shivneri / Junnar )
  1. Because Shahjahan annexed Ahmednagar Shah Ji Bhonsle Lost Job
  1. Shah Ji Shifted to Bijapur → and then to → Modern Day Bangalore
  1. Meanwhile Shivaji and Jija Bai Lived in Poona
  1. Dadoji Kondadeo was appointed by Shah Ji Bhonsle for their
    1. Safety
    2. Tutoring and Mentoring
Military Skills of Shiva Ji Rao
  1. Dadoji Kondadeo taught Warfare to Shiva Ji - Especially Guerrilla Warfare
  1. Guerrilla Warfare - Irregular Warfare System
    1. Primary Deploy Hit and Run Mobility
    2. Hide and Attack Tactics,
    3. Including Ambushes, Sabotages, Raids
    4. Petty Warfare
  1. But Shiva Ji wasn't allowed to use his skills for his safety by Dadoji
  1. but Dadoji Kondadeo Died in 1664
Goals of Shivaji
  1. Defeat Muslim Empires in North India and Mughal Emperors
  1. Establish Hindu Empire
Couldn't Establish His Goals becasye
  1. Aurangzeb was Governor of Ahmed Nagar
  1. Luck Favoured Shiva Ji
  1. Aurangzeb was forced to go to North India, because Shahjahan Fell ill
Background of Mughal Empire CONTEMPORARY to MARATHAS
  1. Shahjahan Most Favourite Son was Darashiko, he wanted him to be the next ruler
  1. Historic Battle - Battle of Samugarh, 1658 - Aurangzeb v/s Darashiko
  1. Aurangzeb Imprisoned Shahjahan in Under House Arrest in 1658 for 8 Years, Died in 1666 → Aurangzeb became Emperor of Mughal Emperor
💡
Rule of Primogeniture - Eldest Son of a King Succeeds his father (Fratricidal Wars)
  1. Mughals Didn't follow the rule of Primogeniture
Son 1 - Shiva Ji Rao - Rebellious Guy - Part 2 (Afzal Shaista Shaista Raja Jai Singh)
  1. Now that Aurangzeb is in North India Until 1666
  1. Shiva Ji got Options of Implementing his Goals
  1. Afzal Khan - Military Commander of Bijapur Died 1659 Killed by Shiva Ji ( Weapon : Baghnag) #Clash 1 - Mughal v/s Maratha - Maratha Win
  1. Bijapur paid Tribute to Shiva Ji, Bijapur was Now with Marathas
  1. Aurangzeb now appointed Shaista Khan as Governor in South
#Clash 2 - Mughal v/s Maratha - Mughal Win
  1. He Won Poona couldn't hold it because he was attacked by Shiva Ji in the night, Hence Shaista Khan had to run for his life
#Clash 3 - Mughal v/s Maratha - Maratha Win
  1. Aurangzeb Appointed Raja Jai Singh in as Governor in 1663
#Clash 4 - Mughal v/s Maratha - Mughal Win
  1. Raja Jai Singh Defeated Shivaji & “Treaty of Purandar 1665”
Treaty of Purandar
  1. Treaty of Purandar - Agreed to 3 things
    1. Surrender 23 Forts to Mughals
    2. To Pay Tribute to Mughals
    3. Pay his Respects to Aurangzeb in Mughal Court along with his Son Shambha Ji
      1. Aurangzeb had promised Raja Jai Singh that he will not kill Shiva Ji hence Shiva Ji went to Mughal Court
      2. Shiva Ji was made MANSABDAR and was made to wait in Long Queue along with others MANSABDARS, he started shouting
      3. Aurangzeb ordered Shiva Ji and his son was Imprisoned
Shiva Ji’s Imprisonment and Escape
  1. Imprisoned in Agra Fort
  1. Made Up a Stomach Problem
  1. Mughal Doctors were sent, Aurangzeb sent Money to Shiva Ji
  1. He bought Mangoes and Gifted it to Doctor and Servants
  1. Initially Checked and then there was leniency
  1. Shivaji Hid in Mangoes Basket and Ran Away
Shiva Ji’s Vision of Being a King
  1. Worked for 8 Years & convinced a Brahman Priest for Coronation
  1. being a Peasant he couldn't be the King
  1. due to Coronation Chhatrapati Shivaji became King of area around Poona and Maharashtra
  1. Created Navy to Counter Portuguese - Also Called Father of Indian Navy
Shiva Ji Summarised
  1. Founder of Maratha Empire
  1. Greatest Guerrilla Warfare Expert
  1. Founder of Indian Navy
      2. Tamil Word - Navay means Naval Vessels used by Chola Kings Raja Raja 1 and Rajendra 1
  1. Council of 8 Minister - ASHTHPRADHAN
    1. Prime Minister
        2. Sub Ordinate of Chhatrapati ,
        Could Guide but Not Over Ride his Decisions
    2. Samatya
    3. Sachiv
    4. Mantri
    5. Senapati
    6. Sumant
    7. Nyaydhish
    8. Pandit Rao
Shiva Ji Natural Death in 1680
Shambha Ji
  1. Aurangzeb was waiting for an Opportunity
  1. Battle of Sangameshwar, 1689
    1. Shambha Ji Lost
    2. Tortured to death by Aurangzeb
      1. Didn't reveal details about a Hidden Treasure
      2. Refused converting to Islam
  1. Shambha Ji Family was Imprisoned by Aurangzeb
Sons of Shambha Ji
First Son - Shahu - Currently Imprisoned
Imprisoned with Others
Second Son - RajaRam
  1. managed to Escape to South India via Karnataka to JINJEE in 1689
  1. His Relatives were “Marathas of Thanjur”
  1. RajaRam + Tara Bai = Shiva Ji II
  1. Mughals attacked JINJEE in 1698
Contemporary Mughal Act
  1. Aurangzeb Wanted to remove Maratha from Indian Polity and wanted to Defeat Marathas
  1. Hence He Deployed Ghazi Firoz Jung and Zulfiqar Khan to Siege Deccan, Mughals Won
  1. RajaRam had Escaped from Jinjee to a hilly area in Maharashtra called Satara and he started ruling surrounding territories
  1. RajaRam Died in 1700 AD - Chain Smoker, Travel, Bad Health
Shiva Ji 2 - 5 Year Kid
  1. RajaRams Young Son Shivaji 2 became next Chhatrapati at the age of 5 Years
  1. Whenever There were issues with Kings like Young Age & ill health, Regents were appointed to rule on their behalf
  1. Tara Bai - Regent - Ruled over Satara for Next 7 Years (1707), in the Name of Shiva Ji 2
💡
Meanwhile Aurangzeb Died in 1707 - Bahadur Shah came to Power - Released Shahu
Shahu Fought with { Shiva Ji 2 and Tara Bai }
  1. Battle of Khed 1707 - Shahu (Winner) v/s TaraBai
  1. Tara Bai Fled to Kolhapur
  1. Became Ruler of Satara & Chhattrapati (1708 - 1749)
Shiva Ji 2 and Tara Bai Managed to Escape to Kolhapur in Maharashtra
💡
Marathas of Satara and Kolhapur were enemies
Era of Greater Mughals ( 1526 - 1707 )
Babur (1526-1530)
Humayun (1530-1540)
Suri Interregnum (1540-1555)
Humayun (1555-1556)
Akbar (1556-1605)
Jahangir (1605-1627)
Shahjahan (1627-1658)
Death of Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
Death of Aurangzeb - 1707
Three Sons of Aurangzeb
Muazzam - Governor of Punjab and Kabul
Azam Shah - Governor of Gujarat
Kambaksh - Governor of Deccan
Battle of Jaju 1707 - Muazzam v/s Azam Shah - Azam Shah Defeated and Killed - MUAZZAM Won
Battle of Hyderabad 1709 - Muazzam v/s Kambakhsh - Kambaksh was killed - MUAZZAM Won
Successor of Aurangzeb was
Original Name
Muazzam
Titular Name
Shah Alam 1
Bahadur Shah 1
💡
Longest Rule was by : Aurangzeb + 401 = “AKBAR” THE WINNER
Phase 1 → Later Mughals, Advent & Companies Rule ( 1707 - 1858 )
The Later Mughals
Some Important Medieval Terms - From Class Handouts
Ranks
Wazir - Head of Revenue Administration - Finance Minister
  1. Central Finance Minister (Deewan-E-Wazirat)
  1. Wazir (Admin) = Revenue(Income) + Finance (Expenditure)
  1. Provincial Deewans - Statements - Income & Expenditure
  1. Imperial Treasure
Mir Bakshi - Head of Military Administration - Chief of Army Staff
  1. Gather Intelligence
  1. Military Recommendation - Appointment & Promotion
  1. Time to Time Salary (Paymaster General)
  1. Changes in Provincial Policies
Subadar, Sahib E Subah, Nazim - Head of Mughal Provincial Administration - Chief Minister
  1. Appointed by - Mughal Prince || Highest Mansab Officer
  1. Assisted By
    1. Sipahsalar - Rep of Emp - Civil + Military - Governor
    2. Diwan - Revenue
    3. Bakshi - Provinvial Army
    4. Sadr - Judicial
Zamindars - Financial Income + Social Prestige
Hereditary Land Holders - Descendants of Old Ruling Family
Types of Zamindars - According to Nurul Haran
  1. Primary - Proprietary Rights (मालिकाना हक़) - Propertied Subject of Emperor
  1. Secondary - Intermediary Rights + Help State in Collection of Land Revenue
  1. Autonomous Chiefs - Autonomous Rights - Had to Pay a Fix Amount as Peshakash to Emperor
    1. Peasants Cant be disposed if they pay land revenue
Characteristics - Inheritable, Saleable, Divisible
Obligation to State - Judicial & Policing Functions
Mansabdar & Jagirdar - Civil Services of Mughals
by Akbar in 1571 - for Administration
Who Holds a Mansab in Mughal Administration - Mughal Service - Civil & Military Post
Recruited by Emperor, Suggested by Mir Bakshi
Can be Transferred from Revenue to Military - Not Hereditary
Salary Commensurate to Rank (Zat & Sawar)
Mansabdar whose Payment = land = Jagirdar ( Given Jagir as Payment)
Jagirdar - Right to Collect Revenue from Land and Maintain Army
Jagir - Pay Salary of Staff + Salary of Mansabdar + Tribute to Emperor
In Aurangzeb Time, Jagirs Shrinked - Less Revenue - System Eventually Ended
Systems
Dahsala System & Zabti System - Standard System of Revenue Assessment - Todar Mals Bandobast
  1. By Raja Todar Mal - Finance Minister of Akbar - Intro in 1580 AD
  1. From - Lahore to Allahabad + Malwa & Gujarat
  1. Process -
    1. Average of Total Production for 10 Years for Each Crop
    2. Averaged with Average of All the Crops Above - Dahsala
    3. in Revenue Circle (Dastur) due to variation of Land
  1. Land Measurement System - Zabti
    1. Instead of Rope, Bamboo Attached with Iron Rings Used
Jizyah & Pilgrimage Tax
  1. Jizyah Collected by Islamic States from Non Muslim Subjects
  1. Adult Free Sane males Non Muslims - PAY
  1. Women Children Elder Handicapped Ill Insane Monks Hermit Slave and Non Muslim Foreigner - NOT PAY
  1. Exemption
    1. Who could not Afford to Pay
    2. Non Muslims Joining Military
  1. Pilgrim Tax - Non Muslims Visiting Pilgrimage, Visiting Temple Pay and Obtain Pass - Money Earned used in Administrative & Religious Expenses of Temple
Chauth & Sardeshmukhi By Marathas
  1. paid By : Unfriendly Muslim Rulers of Deccan = 1/4th Revenue = Non Plundering Tax - In Return they wouldn't Raid Muslim Territories
  1. Additional 10% Tax on Muslim Territories in Deccan, As Chhatrapti claimed to be Sardeshmukh hence Hereditary Tax
notion image
Later Mughal Rulers ( & their decline) + Marathas ( Confederacy)
Summary of Later Mughal
notion image
Summary of Marathas Rulers
notion image
Muazzam/Bahadur Shah 1 / Shah Alam 1 (1707 1712) (BS) (Shah -i-Bekhabar)
Introduction
  1. Came to Power at the Age of 63
  1. Religiously Tolerant Ruler - No Destruction of Hindu Temples
  1. Redefined Mughal Relationships with other rulers in India
Rajput Policy
Two Rulers
  1. Jaisingh of Amber/Jaipur
  1. Ajit Singh of Marwar/Jodhpur
Over All
  1. Deployed Mughal Militaries in Jaipur and Jodhpur
  1. Resisted by Rulers and Subjects, Hence BS withdrew Military & Extended “Olive Branch”
  1. Rajput Rulers Demanded higher Mansab in Mughal Administration
    1. Jai Singh - Mansab of Malwa
    2. Ajit Singh - Mansab of Gujarat
  1. BS Denied the Mansabdari, Rajpur weren't Happy
Sikh Policy
  1. Last Sikh Guru - Guru Gobind Singh
  1. Relations Of Mughals and Sikh weren't good because
    1. Guru Arjan Dev - Executed by Jahangir in 1606
    2. Guru Tegh Bahadur - Executed by Aurangzeb in 1675
  1. BS asked Guru Gobind Singh to Come to South India for Meeting, Meanwhile BS was in South India to defeat his second brother
  1. Guru Gobind Sing was camping on the banks of River Godavari, Before the Meeting - Guru Gobind Singh was Assassinated in 1806 by Assassins of Wazir Khan
  1. Wazir Khan - Mughal Governor of Sirhind in Punjab Because Wazir Khans was Killed in the Past by Sikhs in war
  1. For Normal Sikhs it appeared that BS called Guru for Meeting and got him assassinated
  1. Under leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur - disciple of Guru Gobind Singh
    1. Revolt Started - Sikhs were a Formidable Military force
    2. Mughals couldn't defeat Sikhs alone
  1. Hence BS established friendship with
    1. Churaman Jat - Bharat Pur
    2. Chatarsal Bundela - Bundelkhand
  1. These New Friendships weren't easy and cheap they demanded Jagirs and Mansabs from ruler
    1. more the mansab given more loss of Revenue
  1. BS to consolidate hi position as ruler was involved in Reckless Grants of Jagirs - Hence was called Shah -i-Bekhabar
  1. BS was not able to defeat sikh during his time but was able to capture Lohgarh Fort in 1712
Maratha Policy
  1. Released Shahu from Prison and Shahu asked if he could collect Sardeshmukhi and Chauth
  1. BS instigated war between Shahu v/s Shivaji II (Tarabai)
  1. Shahu won and now BS allowed Shahu to collect Sardehshmukhi because Shahu was Sardesh of Sattara
  1. Granting Chauth would have made Maratha Powerful, Hence Denied
Shah i Bekhabar
  1. within a span of 5 year he spent almost 13 crores
  1. Died naturally in 1708
Shahu CH (1682-1749)
  1. was Mughal prisoner of Aurangzeb for 18 years between 1689 to 1707
  1. Battle of Khed 1707 with Shiva JI 2
  1. Became Chhatrapati 1708-1749
  1. Military Commandment of Shahu was Balaji Vishwnath
  1. Shahu made Balaji Vishwnath Peshwa and handed him all military and administrative rights
  1. Hence
    1. Peshwa - De Facto / Real Ruler
      1. Peshwa Ship was not hereditary, yet all Peshwas from time of Balaji Vishwnath were Descendants of Balaji Vishwnath, because of Merit and not by any rule
      2. Also Shahu Didn't had any son, hence in 1748 one year before his death Balaji Baji Rao made peshwa ship hereditary
    2. Chhattarpati - De Jure / Nominal Ruler
{ Jahandar Shah (1712-1713) + Zulfiqar Khan } v/s { Saiyed Brothers + Farrukh Siyar }
  1. Generally Mughal Nobles supported most meritorious prince, But off late Mughal noble became power hungry
  1. they couldn't become rulers because they had no Mughal blood, but if they could install a puppet ruler they could Rule
  1. Hence Zufliqar Khan supported the weakest son of BS = Jahandar Shah (JS) to be a ruler
  1. JS hence appointed Zulfiqar Khan as the Wazir (Other Nobles Jealous and Similar Aspirations)
  1. Hence Mughal Nobles were involved in a Short Sighted Work
  1. Changes by Zulfiqar Khan
      2. Rajput
      1. Friendship with Rajput
      1. Jizyah abolished in Rajput Land
      1. This made rajputs friends of Mughals especially Zulfiqar khan
      Sikhs
      1. were still very unhappy because they thought there last sikh guru was killed by BS
      Marathas
      1. were allowed Sardeshmukhi and Chauth indirectly
      1. indirectly meaning collection by Mughals governor of Deccan → hand over the collection to maratha
      1. if Maratha would go to collecting revenue Mughals prestige would be hurt
      1. Maratha Still Not happy
        1. Maratha royal family in prison
        2. they couldn't show off
      Ijara / Revenue Farming by Zulfiqar Khan
      1. During time of BS Mughals economy had gotten weak and hence Zulfiqar tried renewing it - Hence Ijara introduced
      Ijara
      Process
      1. Land Revenue Collection rights would be auctioned
      1. Revenue Farmers were called Ijaradar
      1. Ijaradar will give money to Peasants for farming
      1. Peasants will pay back tax to Ijaradar
      1. Ijaradar will keep his Profit & Pay to Mughal
      Problem with Ijara Example
      1. Earlier govt was collecting tax as 10,000
      1. Now due to auction Mughals got 11,000
      1. Now Ijaradars was expected to collect 11,000
      1. but Ijaradars collected 13,000 from peasants or as much as he wanted peasants share decreased to 17,000
      1. now other Ijaradars became jealous of each other
      1. hence now new Ijaradars auctioned at 12,000 Mughals got 12,000
      1. now he collected 14,000 from Peasants, Peasants Share decreased to 16,000
      1. Ijaradars also got commissions from Mughals
      Inferences from Ijaradari System
      1. both govt and Ijaradars were becoming rich at the cost of peasants / Peasantry
      1. Ijaradari and Zameendari System were in conflict but could be avoided if all zameendar became Ijaradars
      1. Mughals emperors would had absolute right over land revenue collection system but
        1. Peasants were always Landless primarily
        2. also its not sure that land ownership was with the Emperor or with the Kingdom
Saiyed Brothers wanted to dethrone JS & install a new puppet ruler
  1. Abdullah Khan
  1. Hussain Ali Khan
Battle of Agra, 1712
  1. Jahandar Shah + Zulfikar Khan v/s Farrukh Siyar + Sayyid Brothers
Emergence of Powerful Noble Groups in Mughals IADH
  1. Iraani Nobles - Persia (Zulfikar Khan)
  1. Afghani Nobles - Afghanistan
  1. Durrani Nobles - Central Asia (Asaf Jahan)
  1. Hindustani Nobles - India
Balaji Viswanath (1713-1720)
  1. Era of Powerful Peshwa Started with BalaJi Vishwanath
  1. Capital
    1. Capital of Chhatrapati - Satara
    2. Capital of Peshwa - Pune
  1. He was a Brahmin from Konkan Coast - Military Commander, Became De Facto ruler of maratha
  1. Peshwaship was not hereditary
Deal - Sayyid Brother and Balaji Vishwnath
  1. Release of Maratha Royal Family
  1. Direct Chauth and Sardeshmukhi Rights of Deccan
  1. In Response he Promised 15,000 Cavalry Men
Farrukh Siyar+Sayyid Brother+Mir Quli Khan (1713 - 1719)
  1. Nephew of Jahandar Shah - Farrukh Siyar
  1. Sayyid Brothers Position - Tried Making Farrukh Siyar a Puppet Rulers
    1. Abdullah Khan - Wazir - Revenue Head
    2. Hussain Ali Khan - Mir Bakshi - Military Head
  1. Some of their works included
    1. Abolition of Jizyah and Pilgrimage Tax - All Over India
  1. Sikhs Defeated Decisively
    1. Banda Bahadur was defeated imprisoned and executed in 1716 in Gurdaspur
    2. With this Defeat Sikhs got divide into 12 Groups/Misls - Hence disunity in Sikhs
    3. only in 1790 one great sikh leader united all the Misls called Maharaj Ranjit Singh
  1. Royal Farman of 1717
  1. His deal with Sayyid Brother and Balaji Vishwnath, Sayyid Brothers then asked Farrukh Siyar to implement the deal but Farrukh Siyar denied.
  1. Hence Sayyid Brothers Imprisoned and Killed Farrukh Siyar, First Mughal Emperor to be killed by his Nobles
  1. Other Nobles tensed - Started conspiring Against Sayyid Brothers especially Mir Quli Khan or Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jahan
  1. Meanwhile Sayyid Brothers Ended up installing 4 Kings namely
    1. Farrukh Siyar - First Mughal Emperor to be Killed
    2. Rafi Ud Darajat - Shortest Rule 3 Months
    3. Rafi Ud Daulah
    4. Muhammad Shah Rangeela
Rafi ud Darajat (1719) - Shortest Rule
  1. Agreed to Deal of Sayyid Brothers and allowed royal farman to marathas
  1. died of lung disease probably Tubercluosis
Rafi Ud Daulah / Shah Jahan 2 (1719)
  1. Nothing important
  1. he was a opium addict - died due to dysentery
Muhammad Shah (1719-1748) / Rangeela / Roshan Akhtar- Sayyid +Nizam Ul Mulk+Invasion of Nadir
Introduction
  1. Name : Roshan Akhtar
  1. Colloquial Name : Rangeela
  1. Titular Name : Muhammad Shah
  1. Sayyid brothers tried to control Rangeela but he hated control so he started supporting Asaf Jahan
Death of Sayyid Brothers
  1. Abdullah Khan - Killed in Battle of Agra - 1722
  1. Hussain Ali Khan - Poisoned to Death - 1720
  1. Asaf Jahn was a Durrani and Faithful Mughal Noble and wanted to restore Mughal empire to its past glory
  1. Rangeela was highly influenced by Koki Jiu and Eunuch Hafiz Khan
  1. Asaf Jahan Resigned from Post of Wazir in 1724 and went to South India and Established the Independent state of Hyderabad for Himself in 1724
  1. Asaf Jahan leaving Delhi signified “Flight of Truth Virtue and Good from Delhi” & thus started Physical Disintegration of Mughal Empire
      2. Historically Mughals could keep india intact but Rangeela :
      1. Most attacks weere from NWFP, He didn't spend any money on NWFP
      1. He didn't keep a check on the movement of maratha in north india
💡
He knew there were bribes in nobles, despite he could punish them, he asked for cuts !
  1. Worst Ruler of Mughals Rangeela was contemporary of Best maratha Peshwa Baji Rao 1 - He raided Delhi with only 500 cavalry men
  1. Nadir Shah was fighting wars in Iran and needed money to fund his war, so he came through NWFP to India
    1. and he came to Afghanistan Muhammad Shah wasn't worried, unless Nadir Shah reached Lahore, Rangeela wasn't alarmed
    2. Battle of Karnal, 1739 AD - Nadir Shah (Winner) v/s Rangeela (Lost)
    3. Nadir Shah came to Delhi
      1. Wiped away all the treasury of Mughals approximately 70 crores at that time, and now at about 800 Billion Dollars
      2. Hiding of Kohinoor in Rangeela’s Turban
    4. Nadir Shah Death
      1. Had no Son and Died in 1747
      2. he appointed Ahmed Shah Abdali as his governor, while returning back Nadir Shah Died
    5. During the Time of Rangeela his contemporary Peshwa were
      1. Balaji Vishwanath
      2. Baji Rao 1 - Best Peshwa
      3. Balaji Baji Rao
Baji Rao I PE (1720-1740)
  1. Greatest Peshwa
  1. Second best Guerrilla warfare expert
  1. Prominent Contemporary of Baji Rao was Asaf Jahan in South India in Hyderabad
  1. Battle of Palkhed in 1728 - Baji Rao 1 Winner v/s Asaf Jahan
  1. Treaty of Warna, 1731
    1. Peace Treaty Between Maratha of Satara and Marathas of Kolhapur
  1. Battle of Bhopal in 1737
    1. Maratha v/s Nizam+Mughal General
    2. He now Laid a Strong foundation in South
    3. Went to North and Conquered Gujarat Malwa and Bundelkhand
    4. then had the courage to raid delhi in times of rangeela
Balaji Baji Rao PE (1740-1761) PE HERIDITARY
Successor of Balaji Baji Rao 1 - Nana Saheb
  1. Son Balaji Baji Rao ventured upon his fathers success and went on to capture North
  1. Balaji Baji Rao started expanding extensively aided by 4 families
4 Families helping him ere
  1. SG - Scinida of Gwalior
  1. HI - Holker
  1. GB - Gaikwads
  1. BN - Bhosles
  1. because of this Maratha political setup is called a Confederacy
  1. Maratha Empire reached it Zenith in times of Balaji Baji Rao, but he wasn't the greatest Maratha because he didn't start from base and had foundation of his father
  1. because of Balaji Baji Rao 1 rapid repeated invasion in Maratha
    1. Nawab of Bengal gave Orissa to maratha as Chauth
  1. At this time Mughal wazir was Imad Ul Mulk (Ghazi Ud Din Feroze Jung III) (good relation with Balaji Baji Rao)
  1. at this time Ahmed Shah Abdali started his invasions
Ahmed Shah (1748-1754)
  1. Ahmed Shah was Influenced by Udham Bai (Mother) & a Eunuch
  1. Ahmed Shah had 2 Wazirs
    1. Safdar Jung
    2. Imad Ul Mulk - ( friend of Asaf Jahan Nizam Ul Mulk )
  1. When Abdali Invaded, Ahmed Shah sought help from Maratha
Mughal Wazir met maratha and sought help - Treaty of Ahmadiyya, 1752
  1. Mughals restricted to North India and Delhi
  1. From Pune it would maratha
  1. for military help 5 Lac Rupees
  1. Grant chauth rights of Punjab
  1. Hence Balaji Baji Rao Dispatched army of 50,000 soldiers to Delhi
  1. Meanwhile Abdali captured Delhi and Ahmed Shah gave
    1. Punjab and Multan - Abdali
    2. Mughal couldn't honour Treaty of Ahmadiyya → Angered Maratha
    3. Few Years Later Marathas invaded Punjab and removed Abdali’s governor from Punjab
    4. Resulted in Battle between Marathas and Abdali in 1761
      1. In this battle Marathas were decisively defeated by Abdali
      2. Due to this defeat Marathas couldn't establish Pan India Empire
Imad Ul Mulk befriended cousin of peshwa Sadashiv Rao
  1. Imad Ul Mulk deposed Mughal Emperor Ahmed Shah
  1. He Installed a Mughal Puppet on thrown called Alamgir II
Meanwhile Battle of Plassey { Mughals weren't involved }
  1. It was between Siraj Ud Daulah and Robert Clive
  1. BEIC started installing Puppet Nawabs in Bengal
  1. Hence Battle of Plassey is called “Territorial foundation of British Rule in India”
on the Other hand Abdali had invaded India in 1757 AD
Alamgir II / Azizi Ud Din (1754-1759)
  1. He didn't have money to give to afghans
Hence he offered a Matrimonial Alliance
  1. Daughter of Alamgir II - Gauhar Un Nisa
  1. Son of Abdali - Timur Shah Durrani - Son in Law of Alamgir II
  1. Hence Timur Shah Durrani was appointed as Governor of Punjab
Abdali had to go back to Afghanistan - Najib Ud Daulah
  1. He appointed a person of Afghani Origin, he appointed Rohilla's of Rohilkhand (Afghan Origin) Mir Bakshi called Najib-Ud-Daulah of Mughal Empire
  1. Because he wanted to go back to afghan to maintain political stability there but control india as well
Imad ul Mulk historically an Afghan Hater → couldn't tolerate
  1. an Afghani Mir Bakshi
  1. and Afghani plunder
  1. and Afghani Matrimonial Alliance
Imad ul Mulk sought help from Maratha and they sent Army to Delhi
  1. Maratha sent army with Raghunath Rao
  1. they defeated Najib ud Daulah → he ran to RohilKhand
  1. Maratha became ambitious and attacked Punjab
    1. they attacked Punjab → Taimur Shah Durrani Ran to Afghanistan
  1. Now Abdali hearing his sons defeat → marched towards India
  1. Imad Ul Mulk feared that Alamgir → could Cooperate with Abdali because of matrimonial alliances. He killed Ahmed Shah and tried killing crown prince Ali Gauhar
  1. Ali Gauhar Ran away to modern day UP and took refuge in Awadh, whose governor was Shuja Ud Daulah
  1. Now Imad ul Mulk had to install a new emperor
Shah Jahan III (1759-1760)
  1. Installed by Imad Ul Mulk in 1759 but he remained a emperor for a year only
  1. he was dethroned by Marathas , because Shah Jahan III didn't help Marathas financially
  1. Marathas needed finance because Abdali was coming with New Indian Alliances
  1. Marathas installed Ali Gauhar
Shah Alam II / Ali Gauhar (1760-1806) - Afghani Blood
  1. Sada Siva Rao Bhau declared Ali Gauhar to be a Maratha Emperor
  1. Ali Gauhar - was still in Awadh
  1. Had the Longest Reign (46 Years) in Later Mughals yet he didn't entered Delhi from 1760 to 1772
  1. Thats why he is called a Fugitive Mughal Emperor
During his time Third Battle of Panipat, January 1761 AD happened
  1. Afghans - Represented by Abdali
    1. Supported by Rulers Like :
      1. Najib Ud Daulah (Enemy of Maratha, defeated in delhi by maratha),
      2. Shuja Ud Daulah - because he was promised the Position of Wazir
  1. Indians - Represented by Marathas
    1. Balaji Baji Rao Peshwa - He didn't participate in battle because of his ill health
    2. He was represented by his son Viswas Rao
    3. Commander of Maratha Troop was - Sada Siva Rao Bhau
  1. Statistics
    1. Marathas were Literally Outnumbered
    2. They lost 40,000 soldiers in a day
    3. Marathas Lost Cream of their army in this battle
    4. Viswas Rao and Sada Siv Rao were killed in Battle Field
  1. Meanwhile Balaji Baji Rao was coming for the help of his son and cousin, he heard the news of death and became more ill and died the same year
  1. Because of this defeat they had to retreated back to Poona as they lost control over many north territories, hence there dream of Pan India was abolished
  1. Most Indian Rulers Didn't help Marathas because of their exploitation of Chauth
Why did Abdali not become ruler of india ?
  1. he couldn't control Punjab because of sikh attacks, he couldn't control a province hence how he could Rule india
  1. he had to go back to Afghanistan because his relatives were conspiring against him
  1. Now Balaji Baji Rao’s second son became Peshwa ( as it was hereditary by now )
Aftermath
  1. Abdali went back
  1. Marthas retreated to South
  1. Mughal king ali Gauhar was in Awadh
  1. hence a political vaccum was seen in India i.e Delhi
  1. here britishers were already victorious and inspired by Battle of Plassey
  1. The Third Battle of Panipat didn't decide who was to rule India but decided who was to not rule india
Now Delhi was controlled by Rohilla’s from 1761 - 1771, Namely
  1. Najib Ud Daulah
  1. Zabita Khan
  1. Ghulam Qadir
Another History Changing Battle Happened was Battle of Buxar, 1764
  1. Indians -
    1. Shah Alam II
    2. Shuja ud Daulah - Nawab of Bengal
    3. Mir Qasim - Ex Nawab of Bengal
  1. Britishers
    1. British Governor of Bengal - Henry Vansittart
  1. Mughals were decisively defeated
  1. they forced indian leaders like shah alam II to sign Treaty of Allahabad
    1. reduced the Mughal emperor to a position of British pensioner and prisoner
  1. Meanwhile New Maratha Peshwa Madhav Rao wasn't friend of Shuja ud Daulah
    1. because Shuja ud Daulah helped Abdali - Awadh was tried to attack but it was a tough target as they had grown relations with britishers
    2. because Najib Ud Daulah helped Abdali - Rohilla's - it was a easy target
  1. Mahadaji Shinde Instated Shah Alam II in 1772 AD in Delhi
Why didn't anyone kill Shah Alam II
  1. Neither Britishers after battle of Buxar
  1. Neither Maratha after Mahadaji Shinde
  1. because he was a Titular emperor with no empire
  1. he was more respected in india and was more helpful alive than dead
Shah Alam II asked Marathas to attack Rohilla's because Rohilla's were controlling delhi
  1. Rohilla's were very angry
  1. as they attacked Rohilla's and captured Ghulam Qadir made him a Eunuch and made servant in court of Shah Alam II
Ghulam Qadir escaped delhi, came back to delhi, attacked delhi,
  1. Killed 20 Mughal prince and princess
  1. blinded Shah Alam II
  1. he managed to control delhi for some weeks
Was overthrown by Marathas but Shah Alam was Blind by Now
Shah Alam’s Miserable Life
  1. 12 years out of delhi
  1. puppet of British
  1. puppet of maratha
  1. blinded by Ghulam Qadir
  1. puppet of Maratha again
  1. Leisure time with Shah Alam
    1. Empire without Emperor - “Sulatant e Shah Alam : Az Dilli Ta Palam”
    2. Poet - under pen name Aftab
      3. 💡
      Any Statement with ALWAYS in Question is 99% was wrong
Akbar II (1806-1837)
Akbars Condition
  1. he was restricted to red fort
  1. he was given meagre pension
  1. was followed by Guards Everywhere
Akbar wanted
  1. More Pension
  1. More Freedom
He Called Ram Mohan Roy and was titled Raja by Akbar II
  1. RRMY was sent to England by Akbar II
  1. Historical Change in Power of Britishers
    1. Historically BEIC called itself humble servant of Mughals
    2. but now that Mughals were very weak
    3. BEIC demanded equal treatment and stopped calling themselves subjects of Mughal empire
  1. Positive Changes - Socio Cultural Development
    1. A Hindu Muslim Unity Festival Started - Phool Walon ki Sair, 1812
Bahadur Shah II / Zafar / Bahadur Shah Zafar (1837-1858)
  1. He Led the Rebel Indians during Revolt of 1857
  1. He was also a Poet and his pen name was Zafar ( Meaning Victory), but all his poems were invariably sad
  1. he participated & got defeated in the Revolt of 1857
  1. he was now captured and exiled to Rangoon and death in 1862 AD
Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire
Nature of the Empire
  1. Vastness of Empire - Boundaries of Mughal Empire { Tip : Aurangzeb Boundary }
  1. Problem of Communication and Troop Mobilisation
  1. Decentralised Administration (DA) - Because of Vastness
    1. This kind of DA was good until strong rulers but with weak rulers this DA became in itself a disadvantage
Aurangzeb’s Policies
  1. Policy of Expansion
    1. for this he had to wage a Multitude of Wars
    2. Mughal State was constantly at War
    3. Unnecessary Expansion & Enmity - particularly towards Deccan Rulers
  1. Religious Orthodoxy
  1. Failure of Statesmanship
Political Causes
  1. Absence of a Fixed Rule of Succession - Fratricidal Wars (Brother Killing Brothers)
  1. Worthless, Weak Willed Luxury loving rulers
  1. Degeneration of Character & Organisation of Nobility - Short Sighted Pursuit of Power
  1. Rise of Regional Power - Maratha, Sikhs, Kingdom of Mysore, Independent State of Bengal and Awadh
  1. Accelerated by Foreign Invasions
    1. Irani - Nadir Shah
    2. Durrani - Ahmed Shah Abdali
  1. Under Estimation of Europeans - they further ventured into politics
Economic Causes
  1. Constant State of War of Mughals / Constant Warfare - Consumption of Men and Materials
    1. Internally
    2. Externally
  1. Worsening Condition of Peasants
  1. Stagnation of Industries and Trade (Specially Foreign)
    1. In 17th and 18th Century - India Contributed to 25% of Worlds Trade
    2. Here Science and Knowledge wasn't given due importance
    3. because of Industrial Revolution - Instead of Exporting Finished Goods we were Exporting Raw Materials
    4. Tsar Nicholas used to say that Commerce of the World is Nothing but Trade of India
  1. Economic Bankruptcy
    1. Loss of Resources due to Foreign Invasions
    2. Jagirdari Crisis
      1. 80% of revenue was sent to the Jagirdars
Socio Cultural Causes
  1. No Modern Spirit of Nationalism
    1. Whatever it existed was very narrow
    2. here Regionalism was Nationalism
  1. Promotion of Regional Interests
  1. Discriminatory Social Setup
    1. Varna System Later Turned into Caste System
    2. Irrespective of who ruled Rajput, Mughal, Maratha, Status of Lower Strata was always the same, hence they became Indifferent towards Political Issues and Setup
Military Causes
  1. Disloyal & Corrupt Mansabdars
    1. Not Maintaining Enough Army
  1. Soldiers were always on the Verge of Mutiny
    1. Due to Economic Crisis and No Rest
  1. Medieval Army
    1. Use of Medieval Weapons
  1. Absence of a Strong & Modern Navy
    1. Hence couldn't navigate through waters
    2. they chose to remain land based powers, originally they were landlocked central Asia
    3. they had vessels but they were trading ones not military ones
    4. Most European powers had Strong Navy
  1. Lack of S&T Development
List of Powerful Marathas (Relationship Important)(Some Pending to Discuss)
Madhav Rao I
Narayan Rao
Raghunath Rao
Swami Madhav Rao II
Baji Rao II
Rise of Regional Power due to Decline of Mughal Empire
Succession States
  1. Ruled by Mughal Governors who started behaving as independent rulers. with decline in Central Mughal Authority
  1. Examples
    1. Bengal
      1. Established by Murshid Quli Khan
    2. Awad/Oudh
      1. Established in 1772 by Sadat Khan Burhan Ul Mulk
    3. Hyderabad
      1. Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jahan in 1724
    4. Carnatic
      1. Established in 1725 by Nawab Saadullah Khan
      2. Given the Proximity of Hyderabad and Carnatic, Nizam used to Control the Nawab
    5. Rajput States of Jaipur and Jodhpur
      1. Jai Singh - Jaipur
      2. Ajit SIngh - Jodhpur and Malwa
Rebellion States
  1. They were under enemies of Mughals, who tried to expand their territories at the cost of Mughal Territories
  1. Example
    1. Maratha Confederacy - Chhatrapati and Peshwas
    2. Punjab - 12 Sikh Misls (Groups)
    3. State of Farrukhabad
      1. Established in 1714, Mohammad Khan Bangash
      2. Called Bangash Pathans, meaning Afghan Origin
    4. Rohil Khand
      1. Established in 1721 by Ali Muhammad Khan
    5. Jat State of Bharatpur
      1. Modern Day Rajasthan
      2. Established in 1722 by Badan Singh
      3. Churaman Jat was from this State
      4. Suraj Mal was from this State
Autonomous States
  1. Autonomous States were at the remote corners or periphery of the Mughal Empire and were relatively outside the sphere of Mughal influence
  1. South
    1. Independent State of Mysores Ruled by Wodeyars
      1. Muslim Rulers made these Wodeyars as Puppets like Haider Ali (1761 to 1782) and Tipu Sultan (1782 to 1799) (De Facto Rulers)
    2. Multitude of Chief-tans or Polygars Ruling many places in Far South India
      1. Originally from Vijayanagar Empire became independent after disintegration of Vijayanagar Empire
      2. Example
        1. Kattaboman
        2. Vehu Nachiyar
  1. Western Coast
    1. Raja Martand Verma - Travancore
      1. Had a Powerful Navy
      2. Defeated Dutch Company in Battle of Kolachal 1741
  1. North Eastern India - Multitude of Tribal Kingdoms
Nature of these Mid 18th Century Independent Kingdoms and Rulers (All 3)
  1. They behaved as Independent Rulers but to legitimise their position they acknowledge Nominal Supremacy of Mughal Emperors over them
  1. Due to Decentralisation of Polity in India, Decentralisation Led to plethora of Regional Powers
  1. Essentially all disintegrated states were Secular in Nature
    1. Example : Haider and Tipu Sultan Muslim, Their PM was a Hindu
  1. According to Western Historians - Decline of Mughal Empire and Rise of Regional Power led to Lawlessness but it was more of a smooth transition than anarchy
  1. Aped Mughal Administrative Structure - Regional Powers had mindlessly copied Mughal Administration with some regional influence and No Innovation
  1. Medieval Nature of the Army and No Powerful Navy - Primarily because almost all regional powers were landlocked states
    1. Exceptions : Raja Martand Verma and Tipu Sultan
  1. Rent Extracting States - Backward Looking Economic Structures
    1. Land Revenue + Custom Duties + Tools - Dependent on Land Revenue
    2. No Debt Market, No Central Banks, No Stock Market - No Copy of Europe
  1. Decline of Agriculture - Stagnation of Industries
    1. Due to Modern Scientific Agricultural Practise
    2. Due to Constant State of Warfare
    3. Due to Heavy Dependency of Indian Agriculture on Monsoon
    4. Food Security Threatened
    5. No Modern Industries
  1. Declining Foreign Trade
  1. Superstitious Ideas and Social Structure Based on Inequalities
    1. Caste System and Associated Inequalities
    2. Indifferent Towards Politics
    3. Why Superstitious ?
      1. Easy to Manipulate
      💡
      Sugars White Colour From : Filtered through Bones - Gelatin Cow : Milk is Extracted from Cows Blood India : Launch Rockets with Nariyal In Military : A Day to Worship Guns Caste System : Extremely Superstitious Rajasthan : Child Marriage Eating Beef : is a Taboo in India but India is Largest Exporter of Beef in India
  1. Lacked Modern Nationalistic Ideas
    1. Narrow idea of Regionalism and Nationalism
    2. Internal Rivalry - King A reaching to Europeans to defeat King B
      1. Gradual dependence on Europeans
      2. Opportunity to Europeans to Enter India
The Advent of Europeans in India
Introduction
Greeks and Romans came to India they were Europeans
First British to Come to India via Direct Sea Route was Vasco Da Gama
Historical Trade in India - Arabs & Europeans
  1. Middlemen in Trade Between India and West
    1. Arabs
    2. Italian
      1. Geneva
      2. Venecia
  1. Around 7th Century AD Islams was born in the Deserts of Arabia
    1. As Islam Started Spreading
    2. Muslims came in conflict with Christians - Crusades 11th and 13th Centuries - Old Trade Routes Closed
    3. As a Result, Constantinople, Turks Belonging to Ottoman Empire captured Istanbul
    4. Here If Europeans could Establish a New Trade Route, they could sell to East but there would be many countries in between ( Tax and Transport of Goods would be High)
    5. Particularly Portugal, Spain, Britain and France were jealous of Italians making money
    6. Hence they tried finding out a Direct Sea Route between West and East, they would have saved lots of Tax and Tolls
    7. Rulers of West supported such Explorations ( Supported Scientist, Geographers and Companies )
      1. This would help in Spread of Christianity
      2. This would help their economic Prosperity by Foreign Trade & Tax
Hence Quest in Western European Countries to find new trade routes
Countries (EDPFN)
  1. England
  1. Denmark
  1. Purtugal
  1. France
  1. Netherlands - Holland
Primary Reasons
  1. Islamic Wars for Territorial War
  1. Old Trade Routes - Closed in 7th Century AD
  1. Very High cost of Transmitting Goods
  1. The capture of Constantinople (Istanbul) by Turks in 1453
Encourage by Factors such as
  1. Emergence of Nationalistic Sentiments in Europeans Emergence of Nation State → Strong Rulers wanting National Glory
  1. Wish For Progress of Trade and Prosperity of Economics
  1. Possibility of Spreading Christianity
  1. S&T Development due to Renaissance
Three Terms forming Basis of Modern Europe - Merc, Imperial, Colonial
  1. Mercantilism
      2. Mercantilism is an economic policy that is designed to maximise the exports and minimise the imports for an economy. It promotes imperialism, colonialism, tariffs and subsidies on traded goods to achieve that goal
  1. Imperialism
      2. a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonisation, use of military force, or other means
  1. Colonialism
      2. the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
Landmark Development in Europe
Age of Discovery Exploration - Henry The Navigator
  1. Due to Efforts of King Henry of Portugal Age of Discovery Started
  1. Many Portugal Geographers Started preparing Maps of Pacific Ocean cuz Henry Asked
Bartolomeu Dias - Cape of Good Hope, 1488 AD - Followed Eastern Route to Reach East
  1. Started from Portugal, Following Eastward Direction
  1. Accidentally Reached Cape of Good Hope
      2. notion image
Christopher Columbus of Portugal - America, 1492 - Followed Western Route to Reach East
  1. Funded by Spain, His Destination was India, Following a Westward Route, but accidentally reached Caribbean Islands
Amerigo Vespucci
  1. His accounts made Columbus findings Popular, America was kept on his name
Spain and Portugals Came in Agreement with Each Other
  1. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
  1. Spain Free Hand in West
  1. Portugal Free Hand in East
Pedro Alvares Cabral - Found Brazil
Eventually many European Countries got interested in America
  1. South America
    1. Spain
    2. Portugal
  1. Carribean Islands
    1. Spain
    2. French
    3. Dutch
  1. North American
    1. British - Eastern
    2. Frenach - Canadian America
Vasco Da Gama - Calicut on 20th May 1498 AD
Circumnavigated Cape of Good Hope and reached India
Koppad in Calicut
Due to Advancement in Ships - Circumnavigation of World was Possible
  1. Portugese Sailor - Magellan 1519 - 1522
  1. British Sailor - Francis Drake 1577 - 1589
Meanwhile in India
  1. For Most of Indians, a Sea Voyage for a Taboo due to Religion Prominently in North
Europeans Reaching in India (Order in Which Europeans came to India) PDuB DaF
Portuguese - Portugal
Vasco Da Gama 20 may 1498 in Koppad near Calicut, Most Important Discovery during age of discovery
  1. Rulers of Calicut were Zamorins Dynasty - Ruler Name Samuthiri
  1. No successful Commercial Treaty but a Handsome Fortune
    1. Was allowed to sale his goods and purchase Spices from Kerala Coast
  1. When Vasco sold spices in Europe he earned 6000 percent profit
Forced Trade Methods of Europeans
  1. Using Modern Weapons and Modern Navy - were threatening Indian Traders to sell them cheap
  1. Portuguese used Force to Trade
  1. This Strained Relations with Zamorin - Frequent Fights between Zamorin and Portuguese
Casa Da India a Govt Company (CDI)
  1. They Sent Pedro Alvares Cabral 1500 AD
  1. He started constructing Factories in Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore (Kannur, Kerala) along Malabar Cost
  1. Factory Meaning Set of Buildings - Including
    1. Living Quarters of Portuguese and Some Storage facilities
  1. Portuguese Factories were UnSafe
    1. Indian Traders of Gujarat Primarily Muslims Traders
    2. Arabian Traders Unhappy because they were bypassed
  1. So, Portuguese Appointed Governor for Portuguese Factory in India called Francisco De Almeida - First Governor and Viceroy of the Portuguese India
  1. Factories and Places Near Portuguese Factories were called - EPI
  1. Hence Summary of European Heads is
    1. Factory - Headed by a Factor
    2. Fort - Headed by a Governor
  1. Later EPI were used synonymous with CDI - Technically Not Correct
During times of Almeida Factories became Forts
  1. First Portuguese/European Fort in India - Fort Emmanuel / Fort Manuel 1503 AD
  1. There is No Difference between Factory and Fort
  1. Factory + High Protective Wall = Fort
Another Man who contributed to the construction of Fort was Alfonso De Albuquerque
Confederacy of Egypt, Turkey and Gujarat - Attacked Portuguese Possessions in India
  1. Portuguese defeated their Enemies
  1. They realised Land Expansion wouldn't be Feasible as it would meet with Resistance
Hence Francisco de Almeida Started Blue Water Policy
  1. Wanted to Control Indian Ocean ( Trade and Commerce ) because of their Modern Navy - From Gulf of Aden to Sp Islands of Indonesia
  1. Use of Powerful Portuguese Navy
  1. Establishing Portuguese Coast
Hence they Installed Cartaz System
  1. Naval License Issued by CDI at Low Cost
  1. Ship having Cartaz License - they could use the facilities and provide naval help
  1. Ships Under Cartaz System - Could Only Dock under Portuguese Ports
    1. In Goa, Malacca and Ormuz
  1. CS - Eliminated Competition & Import Export became Easy
  1. Due to Cartaz System Portuguese were able to monopolise trade in India Ocean
    1. Monopoly of Spice Trade and Other Products
Despited all this Almeida wasn't considered Founder of Portuguese in India
Alfonso De Albuquerque (1509-1511) is founder of Portuguese in India
Vijayanagar Rulers and Portuguese were Friends because
  1. Vijayanagar Krishnadevraay was Enemy with Bahmani Kingdom
  1. Bahamani had Awesome Cavalry
  1. Vijayanagar needed Horses
  1. Portuguese helped Vijayanagar Empire to Import Horses
  1. Fort Manuel in Cochin in 1503 AD
  1. Battle of Goa, 1510 AD
    1. Albuquerque v/s Ismail Adil Shahi
    2. later Goa became Portuguese capital in India
  1. Established Mint for Portuguese, 1510 AD
  1. Banned Practise of Sati, 1511 AD in Goa
  1. Numerical Advantage
    1. Encouraged Christanity
      1. Fair - Awareness
      2. Fowl - Torture
    2. Encouraged Portuguese Sailors to marry Indian Women
    3. Good relations with Vijayanagar.
  1. Hence called Founder of Portuguese Empire in India
Important Points of Portuguese
  1. Intolerant and Fanatical in religious matters - forcible conversions
  1. Use of force with trade - Gunboat Policy - Control over high seas - Cartaz System - Naval Vessels of Portuguese was called Floating Fort
  1. Nuno Da Kunha (1528-1538) - Captured Daman and Diu
  1. Captured Goa in 1529, Became Capital in 1529, Controlled Until 1961
  1. First to Come, Last to Leave - Portuguese
  1. Akbars Court - Rodolfo Aquaviva, Antonio Monserrat, Emmanuel Pinheiro, Jerome Xavier
    1. For Akbar's Din E Ilahi, Jesuits - Portuguese Missionaries came to Mughal court
    2. Portuguese in times of Shahjahan managed to convert a prince to Christianity
  1. They managed to Established in 50 Forts in India along coasts, They managed to have monopoly in India for 100 years
  1. Other Europeans reached India in 17th Century. because they didn't knew routes.
  1. Introduced - Maize, Sweet Potato, Tomato, Green Chillies, Tobacco, Pine Apple, Lady Finger, Sapota and better varieties of Cashew Nut and Coconut
  1. Due to Efforts of a Jesuits - Francis Xavier “Modern Printing Press was Established in India”. Hence Printed Bible first.
  1. Established Educational Institutions in India and started Research on Indian History and Culture
Decline of Portuguese (Chronology)
  1. First Time Defeated in South East Asia by Dutch in 1596 AD
    1. Dutch Navy powerful than Portuguese
  1. First Defeat of Portuguese in India - Battle of Swallyhole, 1612 AD, Near Surat
    1. Very Significant for both
      1. Portuguese - Monopoly Ended
  1. Shahjahan already angry due to prince conversion, They had been challenging monopoly of Mughals of Salt in Internal Trade
  1. Mughals captured Hoogli-Chinsura in 1632 AD
  1. Lost Sri Lanka to Dutch in 1658 AD
  1. Dutch Captured Malabar Coast
  1. Rise of Maratha - threat to Portuguese trade around malabar
  1. Rise of British and Dutch - Rival Trading Companies
  1. Fall of Vijayanagar Empire in 1565
  1. Most Imp - Rise of Dutch
Causes for Decline of Portuguese
  1. Portuguese company was a government company funded by Portuguese government. but Portugal was a small country with very limited resources in Europe
  1. Portugal had Autocratic Rulers, Absolute Powers in decision. They thought they had a better future in South America Brazil (1500 AD) than in India.
  1. Intolerant Religious Policies - Had no Support of People and Ruling Class
  1. Dishonest Trading Practises - Promoted them more as a Sea Pirate than a Political Entity
  1. Fall of Vijayanagar Empire had closed their gates to south
  1. Portugal was defeated by Spain in a war in Europe around 1580, Declining Portuguese power in Europe declined power in india
  1. Emergence of Powerful Muslim Rulers in Egypt Persia and India colluded with muslim traders against Portuguese
  1. Triangular contest of - Dutch, British and Portuguese
Dutch - Holland (Modern Netherland)
  1. Huygen Van Linschoten (1583-1589)
  1. Cornelis De Houtman - South East Asia 1596, AD - Defeated Portuguese in Indonesia - was a Military commander and Adventurer
  1. Dutch Govt Allowed Establishment of a Company - Dutch East India Company Infamously called VOC, 1602 AD
  1. Owned by Dutch Public, Regulated by Dutch Government
  1. VOC was the First Formally Listed Public Listed Company in the World
  1. Of all the Other Companies, VOC was the wealthiest company
  1. First Factory of Dutch - Machilipatnam, 1605 AD
  1. Most Dominant Power in European Trade in the East Before the Prominence of British
      2. notion image
    1. Established Factores in : Surat, Broach, Cambay, Bharuch, Malabar Coast, Nagapatanma HQ, Masulipatnama, Balasur, Patna , Chisnura, Hoogli Baranagra
  1. Dutch played a Pivotal role in the decline of the Portuguese (they captured Siloam, Malabar coast)
  1. Exported Indigo (Die Yielding Plant), Cotton Texttiles, Saltpetre Ammonium Nitrate, Raw Silk and Opium from India
Dutch Company had a Short-Sighted Commercial Policy primarily based on Trade in Spices
  1. Dutch was very much Interested in the Spice Trade
    1. Java Sumatra and the Spice Islands of Indonesia
    2. India was a Source of Spice too
  1. British also had an interest in Indonesia
  1. Clash Between Dutch and British - Amboyna Massacre of 1623 - 10 British Sailors Killed by Dutch
  1. After Amboyna British and Dutch were fighting constantly
  1. Due to fights profits were declining
Compromise of British and Dutch, 1667
  1. British - Focus on Indian Trade & Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
  1. Dutch - Focus on Indonesia Trade
Decisive Fight between Dutch and British
  1. Plassey 1757 - Pupper Nawab - Mir Jafar
  1. Mir Jafar didn't want to be a Puppet of the British
  1. Mir Jafar Promised Concession to Dutch and asked for help to defeat British
  1. before the dutch could defeat the British, British defeated the dutch in the battle of Chinsura Bidara Hooglei in 1759 AD and commercial activities declined
Cause of Decline of Dutch
  1. Govrnment Supported Military Commercail Organsaition, Administrative setup was highly in efficient
  1. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1784) (4 Wars) - Power Balance . Equation shifted in favour of british
  1. Shift in Poer Balnce and rhe Rise of British
  1. Corruption and Non Performance of Duties by VOC Personnel
    1. They were paid very low salary and hence invebed in corruption
    2. no incentive for better perofrmance hence no onnobation
    3. yet company was making profits
  1. Any Profit earned was distributed to Dutch in form of Dividends, to the dutch public, lottle capital for reinvestment
  1. Shortsighted commercial policy of dutch - focused on spice trade only - most focus to indonesia
  1. Defeat by Raja Marthand Verma in Battle of Colachel, 1741 AD
  1. Most Strongest Player in decline of British was
British - England - TO PUT SUBHEADINGS
  1. Britishers are born businessmen, business runs in their blood.
  1. Thomas Smythe, 1599 - Merchant Adventurers/Governor & Company of the Merchants of London trading into East Indies by Thomas Smythe - Private Company - Partners were Shareholders
  1. Elizabeth 1 - One of the Investors in the company was the then British Monarch Elizabeth 1 - she issues a Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth - on 31 Dec 1600 AD
  1. Royal Charter - Monopoly of 15 years over Eastern Trade (East of Cape of Good Hope)
  1. Charles Lancaster, 1610 - First Official Voyage of BEIC - 1610 AD - Charles Lancaster - 10 Next Voyages Failed
  1. William Hawkins, 1608 -11th Voyage - William Hawkins reached India in Surat - in 1608 AD
    1. British Monarch - James 1
    2. Mughal Emperor - Jahangir
  1. Jahangir, 1609 - Went to Mughal Court in 1609 and requested concession but due to the Portuguese Jahangir said no, as the Portuguese were influential
  1. Hawkins was asked to establish a trading post at Surat
  1. while going to surat - they were attacked by Portugal
  1. in the Battle of Swally (Naval) 1612 - Thomas Best - First defeat of Portuguese
    1. Mughal Happy - Mughal Didn't oppose Portugal due to Hajj in Ship as Portuguese controlled high seas
  1. End of Portugals Commercial Monopoly
  1. Jahangir allowed BEIC to establish its first factory in Surat, 1612
  1. British Factory was a mere storehouse of Goods
    1. Factories are managed by Factors - Head of Factory
    2. Protective wall around the factory - Fort - Managed by Governor
    3. Factory - Around Settlement ( Managed by Presidents) - Fort
  1. The First Presidential Settlement of British in India was in Surat - Surat was the first HQ of BEIC in India
  1. Monopoly was extended indefinitely in
    1. BEIC was paying British, Politicians and Monarch the Bribe
    2. Other capitalists became jealous
  1. Thomas Roe from BEIC came to Jahangir's Court - Thomas Roe was Jahangir's Drinking Buddy
    1. Affected by Him he allowed more factories of BEC in Agra Ahmedabad and Broach/Baraunch
  1. Golden Farman, 1632 BEIC got a royal Farman - Golden Farman from Jahangir gave access to all ports of Golkonda by nominal fees → Because of this, the trade expanded
  1. in 1630 - BEIC in traded in Orissa
  1. in 1639 - Francis Day contacted Ruler of Chandragiri Venakata - Sub Ruler of Vijayangar Empire
    1. Francis day acquired a piece of land in Chandragiri / which was a port too.
    2. Established First Fort in India Fort St George 1640 AD - City around it was called Madras
    3. Madras was HQ Along East Coast
      1. First Corporation Town of India Established by Trading Corporation
      2. Second Corporation town of the World
      3. First Corporation town of World
    4. Surat was HQ along west coast
  1. BEIC got a land on lease from British monarch in india
    1. as British Monarch Charles II was married to Portuguese Princess Catherine, 1662 AD
    2. Islands - Bombay on lease in 1668 - Lease Amount was 10 Pounds Per Year
    3. Bombay was good as it was a
      1. Strategic location - isolated form Main Land
      2. Natural harbour
    4. Company developed Bombay - later Bombay became HQ on West Coast
    5. in 1691 due to Job Charnock - at times of Aurangzeb - Sutanuti Factory
    6. Job Charnock - Called Father of City of Calcutta
    7. Zamindari of Sutanuti, Kalikata and Gobindpur, 1698
    8. 1700 AD Fort Williams - around this was Calcutta developed - Efforts of Charles Eyre
    9. Now one more HQ in East Coast - Calcutta
    10. Now Total 3 HQ → Calcutta, Madras, Bombay
  1. but in British History → Happened Glorious Revolution in Britain → powers of monarch curtailed and parliament had more powers.
  1. Papillon Syndicate - sought trading in East India by putting pressure on British Government
  1. Amalgamation of Papillon Syndicate
  1. Merchant Adventures in 1708 called - UCMETEI - United Company of Merchant of England trading to East Indies
  1. UCMETEI - BEIC - EIC - Company
  1. This company was issued the Royal Farman in 1717 AD - John Surman visited Mughal Court
    1. John Surman called a British Doctor called Williamn Hamilton
    2. Hamilton cured Farrukh Siyar and made Farrukh Siyar happy
    3. Its called Magna Carta of East India in Company in India
  1. It gave Company Multitude of Privileges
    1. Free trading privileges in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad
      1. Particularly troublesome in Bengal, it was richest, largest
      2. India was contributing 25% to worlds GDP in this 25% Bengal was highest
    2. Company could issue free trade passes - meaning Consignment with DASTAK should not be levied Tax.
    3. Privilege to company was loss of revenue to Bengal
    4. Company could only issue DASTAK, Not Individuals of Company
    5. Dastak - bone of contention - Nawab of Bengals and British - this year only they became Independent rulers and couldn't challenge Mughal authority
    6. many Possibilities of company officials misusing DASTAKS
    7. Coins issued by Company from Bombay had Validity throughout
  1. Organisational Structure of Company
    1. Share Holders
    2. Major Share Holders - invested beyond a thresh-hold
    3. Court of Proprietors - { Kind of Board of Directors }
    4. from Court of Proprietors - election - 24 selected forming
    5. Court of Directors - managed affairs of company
    6. Appointment and Administration
  1. Trans Atlantic Slave Route 16th to 19th century
    1. Africa Seraglio Western coast - Togo Benign Niger
    2. 4 things available CHEAP - GIGS
      1. Grains
      2. Ivory
      3. Gold
      4. Salves
    3. Because of these black slaves - 13 colonies - initially NO Suppression because they were also Britishers
    4. but in 18th century - 13 colonies were at point of economic exploitation
    5. they rebelled against British colonisation & Exploitation - Hence American Revolution Occurred
    6. American Revolution - American War of Independence
      1. American Colonist+ France + Spain v/s Britishers
      2. Britishers Lost - Led by Able Military Commander Cornwallis (Later Became GG of India)
      3. Treaty of Paris Occurred and USA was Formed
Danes / Danish - Denmark
  1. Company was Established in Early 17th Century - OK - Ostindisk Kompagni, 1616 AD
  1. Re Founded as the Asiatic Company (Asiatik Kompagni) in 1730, AD
  1. Got Permission for Trade from Raghunath Nayak of Tanjore - 1620 AD - Tranquebar - Capital of Danes in India
  1. Factories in Surat, Masulipatnam, Balasore, Serampure (Bengal)(Shri Ram Pur) - Famous for Danish Missionary Activities
  1. Primary Focus - Religion, Trade was Secondary. Hence they didn't create any major political impact in India.
  1. Hence, They started incurring Losses, Hence they Sold Possessions to British and Quit India by 1845 AD
French - France
  1. French Company - Indes Orientales
  1. French King - Louis XVI
  1. Suggested by Finance Minister Colbert
  1. First French in Indian - Francois Caron - First Factory in Surat, 1667 AD
  1. Factories in Masulipatnam (1669 AD) and Chandra Nagaore/Chandra Nagar/Chandan Pur
  1. Nerve Centre of French Power in India - Pondicherry, 1674 by Francois Martin
  1. French Factories in
    1. Mahe - Remember Location
    2. Karaikal
    3. Yanam
    4. Balasore
    5. Qasim Bazar - Calcutte
  1. Pondicherry was under constant threat from Dutch and British
  1. Other Governors - Lenoir, Dunnas
  1. Company Re Organised in 1720 AD - Perpetual Company of Indies - Became a Govt Company
  1. Most Imp : French Governor : Dupleix (1742-1745)
  1. French and British were Rivals, expressed in India as well by Means of Anglo French/Carnatic Wars (1746-1763)
Landmark Development in Europe ( From Class Handouts)
Came to India for Trade and Settled as Colonisers
Prominent Features of Europe
Middle Age & Crusades { 500-1500+1095-1270 }
  1. Middle Age - { 500-1500 AD } - Period of European Countries Interpreting it & Fall of Western Roman Empire
  1. Crusades - Series of Military Campaigns by Pope & Christian Western Powers to take Jerusalem from Muslims & Defend it.
  1. 8 Major Official Crusades - (1095 -1270) + Many Un Official Ones
Commercial Revolution - Set Stage for Industrial Revolution
  1. From 1000-1300 → Europe Population*2→Urbanisation→Commercial Revolution = Sophisticated Monetisation System
  1. CR Stimulus - Voyages + Surge in Overseas Trade + Mercantilism Accepted
  1. Economic Stimulus - Creation of Money Economy + Economic Specialisation + Estab of Bank, Future Market, Bourse
Renaissance - French for Rebirth
  1. Interest in Classical Scholarship & Values, Decline of Feudal System
  1. New Continents Found, Paper, Printing, GunPowder, Mariner Compass
  1. Copernican replaced Ptolemaic Astronomy
Age of Discovery / Exploration { 1400-1600 }
  1. Global Exploration Took Place in Europe and around the world
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Agriculture Revolution - 17th to 19th Century
  1. Reallocation of Land Ownership - Make Land Compact
  1. Inventions in Technology - M/C, Drainage System etc
  1. Sceintific Methodology of Breeding
  1. Experimentation with New Crop + Sys of Crop Rotation
Sceintific Revolution / Sceintific Renaissance
  1. Started in Europe → Towards End of Renaissance → Influenced Enlightenment
Beginning of SR
  1. Nicolas Copernicus, 1543 - Book - On Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
Ending of SR
  1. Galileo Galiee, 1632 - Dialogue - Two Chief Worlds
Completion of SR
  1. Isaac Newton, 1687 - Principia - Laws of Motion, Universal Gravitation = System of New Cosmology
Industrial Revolution, Britain, 18th Century
  1. Transformation From Agrarian to Handicraft Economy → Dominated by Industry + m/c Manufacturing
  1. There were Technical, Socio Political & Cultural Changes
  1. Changes
    1. New Basic Material - Iron and Steel
    2. New Energy Source - Coal, Steam Engine, ICE, Fuel, Motive Power
    3. New Machines - Spinning Jenny & Power Loom
    4. New Organization of Work - Factory, Inc DOL, Specialisation of Skills
    5. New Tran & Comm - Automobile, Airship, Telegram and Radio
    6. New Application of Science to Industry - Use of Nat Resources + Mass Production of Manufactured Goods
Age of Reasons / Enlightenment - Late 17th to End of Napoleonic Wars in 1815
  1. Rigorous Scientific Political and Philosophical Discourse
  1. Decisive in Making of Modernity
  1. Centuries of Customs and Traditions - Thrown Away in Favour of ( Exploration, Individualism, Tolerance & Scientific Temper)
  1. Dev ( Politics + Industry ) = Modern World
European Qualities - Especially for Britishers
  1. Ambitious Traders
  1. Superior Educational and Economic Systems
  1. Advanced Science & Technology
  1. Powerful Modern Navy
  1. Moden Well Organised & Well Trained & Regularly Paid Army
  1. Had Central Bank in 17th Century
  1. Stock Market in 18th
  1. Oxford 11th Century and Cambridge 13th Century
Companies Rule in India GGB - Regulating Act, 1773 (11)
Companies Rule - Part 1 Top 5 Initial Wars → 3 Carnatic + Plassey + Buxar
Wars - Sequence 1 - Carnatic Wars ( 1746 - 1763) - Pending to Read
First Carnatic War (1746-1748)
  1. Origin : Austrian War of Succession (1740-1748), Maria Theresa wanted to become a queen his father had dies
  1. Supported by Britain and Opposed by French
  1. War Happened for 8 Years
  1. When Austrian War was Going on in Europe, British government dispatched a naval fleet to attack Shipment in India commanded by Captain Barnet 1745 AD, Started Attacking French Ships in Bay of Bengal
  1. French Governor here was called Dupleix, He asked help from Governor French of Maurirtius, La Bpourdounnais Provided help 1746
  1. with helo of la boudennais, French captured madras from british, 1746
  1. Hence britihsers asked for help from Nawab of Carnatic Anwaruddin, He sent his army of 10000 soldiers, with his militray general, under mahfuz khan
  1. Contrary French deployed 300 soldiers, under captain paradise
  1. Place : Adia, San Thome, 1746 AD in Modern Day Chennai
  1. French were victorious : Mahfux Khan : Mediveal Pardises Armay was ; Modern
  1. Hence French Retained Control over Madras, French victory was a big eye opener to french and europeans
  1. They infered that a Large Mediveal Indian army can be defeated by Small Europen Modern Army
  1. Moral Booster to Dupleix ; started using French Army as a Mercenary Army
  1. He helped Indian Rulers, Mercentallism, to disolve local conflicts with local ruler,
  1. but at this time End of Austrian War of Succession led to defeat of French, - Treaty of Aiz la chapelle, 1748 happened
  1. Due to this Treaty, French in India were forced to Return Madras, to BEIC
  1. First Carnatic War was a Draw - Whatver french vaptured they had to reuturn it to rebels
  1. War Draw Enemity Remained
Second Carnatic War (1749 - 1754) - Most Confusing
  1. Hyderbad Estb by Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jahan in 1724-48
  1. Proximity to carnatic terriotry - He Appointed Nawabs of carnatic
  1. At time of Asaf Jahan Nawab of carntic was Dost Ali 1732-1740/ Capital of Carnatic was Arcot
  1. Dost Ali was enemy of maratha, becasue he didnt pay chauth
  1. Maratha attacked Dost Ali and Killed Him
  1. After Him - Son in Law of Dost Ali - Chanda Sahib(most cpmeptent aftert dost ali) imprisoned in maratha prison - 1740
  1. Minor Sons of Dost Ali became Nawabs and Died at a very yooung age
  1. by 1744 both sons of Dost ali dead
  1. no male memebr present to appoint as nawab
  1. Asaf Jahan Appointed Another Politician from another family - Anwarduddin - he wasnt from Dost ALi Family - this angered chanda sahib - but he couldnt do anyting as he was in prison
  1. Anwar Ud Din friends of Nawabs of Carnatic + Frinds eith Asaf Jahan - Situtation till death of Asaf Jahan was nomral
  1. Asaf Jahans Son became new nizam of hyderbad - in 1748 called Nasir Jung
  1. this made grand son angry called muzaffar jung ( nephew of nasir jung, sons of nasir jungs sister)
  1. Enemity between NAsir and Muzaaffar Jugn regading nizam ship of hyderbad -
  1. ALready Enemity beteen Anwaruddin and Chanda Sahib
  1. Chanda Sahib was release from prison in 1748 by Maratha, because Dupleix(mercnet army) convinced maratha, Chanda Sahib enemy of Anwaruddin, made him enemy of his son - mohd ali
  1. Dupleix Supported Chandas Sahib & later Muzaffar Jung - Non Rulers to earn money from them
  1. British had to support current ruler Nasir and Anwar ud din _ Muhammd Ali Son
  1. Two Groupings occured,
  1. IN 1749
    1. Muzaffar Cahnda Sahib and French - Killed and Defeated Anwaruddin in Battle of Ambur, 1749
    2. His Son muhammad ali ran away, to a Strong Hold of British in Spith India to Trichy
    3. Hence New Nwaab of Carnatic was - Chanda Sahib
    4. Chanda Shain wanted to kill Muhammad Ali,
    5. Chanda Sahb left city of arcot and with his soldeire and he besiged the trichy fort of British
    6. Chanda Sahib Did a Strategic Mistake, He left arcot undefended
    7. When this Fiasco was happening in Carnatic - Nasir Jung was Assassinated in 1750 with help of french by a local ruler - Hence he installed duplex installed a new nizam of Hyderabad Muzaffar Jung
    8. To Protect city of Hyderabad - Captain Bussy by French Appointed,
    9. Hence by 1750 - Nizam Muzaffar Jung + Bussy
    10. Hence by 1750 - Couldn't free Mohd Ali
    11. Now a Clerk ( Robert Clive) gave a Idea to Saunders - to conduct a surprise attack on Arcot
    12. Hence Clive was Made incharge of Plan - clive was clerk not military - to help clive Stringer Lawrence was deployed
    13. Clive + Larence attacked arcot eith 300 olfiers and captured arcot in 1751 and in Battle of Arcot, Clive was called hero of arcot
    14. Chanda sahib capital captured → Chanda sahib Lifted Seige of fort, depsite attempts chanda sahib was captured and killed by britoish
    15. Now new nawab of Carnatic was Mohd Ali
    16. Meanwhile Muzafaar Jugn was killed by his own firends in 1750, captain bussy had to maintain french control over hyderabd
    17. Captain Bussy now installed - Salabt Jung in 1751 as new niza of hyderabd
    18. The Two Sides War Continued, In Kiddle of War in 1754, Feench GOvernment committed a FATAL MISTAKE
    19. They asked dupleix to reidgn and he was recalled - becasue french was in economic crisis and dupoleix was spening all company profits on war
    20. Godehu was sent insted of Dupleix, Fodhehu Sigened Treaty of Pondicherry - according to this war second tcarnatc was as eneded
  1. Outcome of War
    1. Brithsers could retain control over Carnatic
    2. Dupleix had been recalled to inda- major tsratgegic advantage to BEIC
    3. Why was Treaty was this time signed in India - becasue origin of war was in INdia
  1. Additonal Details
    1. Beitishers had 2 types o army in India
      1. Companies Army - Created by Company, Commanders were europeans, Majority Soldiers Indians ( No nAtionalisitcs Setiments)
      2. Crowns Army - Purely European Army, Coommanders + Soldiers - Supreme Commander was the Crown
      3. Crowans Army Sent to india in wake of carnatic war - in 1748, commander of corwns army was stringer lawrence,
      4. Stringer Larence was tutor and mentor of Clive
      5. Stirngers Changes in Military
        1. Customised Company and Crowns Army to Indian Situtation
        2. Father of Indian Army is Caleld - Stringer Larence
Battle of Plassey ( 1757) - Foundation of British Rule in India
Third Carnatic War (1758-1763)
  1. Origin ; Seven Years War in Europe 91756-163) Austria Tried to capture Silesia Austria+France v/s Britian
  1. Enemity of French and Britain due to 7 years war spill over the world
  1. Classhes Between B & F was seen in - Europe, North America, Africa, India and Phhillippines
  1. Hence this Seven Year is called the First True GLobal Conflict or the Pre Curson to the First world war
  1. Fight Between French and Britis In India at this time is called - Third Carnatic War
  1. Started by French in India by Fenhc Commander : Count Arthur De Lally in 1758
  1. In Return - British Naval Commander Admiral D’Ache started attackiing french factories in places like masulipatnam
  1. Many battles were foought but one COunts
  1. Battle of Vandiwash (Vandawasi) , 1760 AD
    1. Cout Arhtur de Lally v/s Genereal Eyer Coote
    2. French decisvely defeated
  1. French Lost
    1. Third Carnatic war in India
    2. Seven Year wars in Europe
  1. Hence French govt sgned - Treaty of Paris in 1763
    1. The French in India were reduced to position of mere traders
    2. not allowed to fortify their factories
    3. meaning french ceased being a political force in india
    4. thus aking british a supreme european power in India
Battle of Buxar ( 1764)
Why Did Britishers Win ?
  1. they had money from Bengal due to Battle of Plassey
  1. Stable Government & String Monarch's
  1. Naval Superiority
  1. Military Skills and Discipline
  1. Victory in Batle of Plassey. 1751 AD
  1. Structure and Nature of Trading Companies
  1. Modern Financial Institutions - Stock Market, Debt Market & Central Bank
  1. Business Acumen - Renowned for Business Acumen, They made industrial revolution possible = machine based production
    1. They Needed Raw Material - First IR happned ith Cotton
    2. They Could establish Cotton Textile but not raw material
    3. Industrial Revolution
  1. Lesser Zeal for Religion
    1. They came to India in 1608, till 1813 - not officialy involved in missionaries activities, for more than 200 years thye foucsed on trade
  1. British Company Private - Effiecinet & Quick Decision
  1. They would recognise merit ex clive
Why Did French Loose ?
  1. There Primary Importance to Territory unlike British giving importance to Profits
  1. Autocratic Rulers - High Handed Idiotic Decision ex india v/s south america
  1. SHort SIgned Ministers
  1. Lack of Nvaal Superirorty and Brillinat Millitary Commanders - Good Strategsit but not performers
  1. Problems in Europe & North America - French were involved in wars with britain, multitude of wars, all lost by french
  1. Wrong Milotary Strategy - Pondicherry / Madras ( dupleix thought if he could control amdras he could contorl india)
    1. Historians Say : Dupleix was findinf key to india in madras whereas clive found it in bengal
  1. Recalling of Dupleix
  1. Commerical Instretets subordinated to territorial domination
  1. Strcuture and nature of the tarding company
Wars - Sequence 2 - Plassey & Buxar - Pending to Read
First Carnatic
Second Carnatic
Battle of Plassey, 1756-1757
Prelude to Plassey
Summary of Bengal
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Royal Farman 1717, BEIC by F Siyar
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Until Alivardi Khan - Compoany Couldnt misuse Dastak
Siraj Ud Daulh
  1. Family Members Plotting Against Him - Uncle - Bakshi - Mir Jafar
  1. Young at the of 20 - Fampus for HSty Deciosoon - No Political Expereince
  1. Siraj UD daulh - Removed Mir Jafar from psoition of Bakshi
  1. Trciky Time for Nawab and Europeans
    1. Bririths in Bengla - Calcutte - Forth Williman & Cassim Bazar
    2. Feench - Chandra nagar QASim bazr
  1. at this time Seven years war started in Europe, due to war they started fortifing theri factories particualrly in qQasim Bazar to prtoetc rach other from britsh and france
  1. This Fortification was done w/o permission of Siraj ud Daulah - Unauthorised Fortiifcation - Challenege to Siraj Ud Daulah Authroity
  1. Siraj Asled - French and Brot - to destry fortiifcation
    1. French - Destroyed
    2. BRitish - Said No we wouldnt
  1. Had started misusing dastaks, supporting enemies of siraj ud daulh and asylum to enemies
  1. Siraj Ud daulh - attacked britihsh factory in bengal - in june 1756- had one of the most strong army (40K sotorng + Modern cannons)
  1. Killed a Few and some escaped, within fort williamn - in Black Hole - good for 6 prisoners, he contained 146 prisoners - appointed his officer for calcutta, MAnik Chand
  1. He retunred to his capital - murshidabad
  1. 146 who were imprisoned, 123 dies allegedely due to british - Black Hole Tragedy
  1. Black Hole Tragedy reached in Madras, South India, From Madras 2 people were sent to Bengal
  1. Clive and Admiral Watson reached bengal
Causes of Battle of Plassey
  1. Rampant Mises of the Trade Priviliges by British
  1. Fortiification of calcutta wihtout Nawabs Permission
  1. Asylum to Nawabs Enemies
  1. Balck Hole Tragedy on 20th June 1756 - Holwell Survived Black Hole
Traitors - Multi Tude of Traitors
Clive Bribed Manik Chand got posession of Calcutta and Fort Williamns
Peple were angry due to his policies - Traitors in Battle of Plassey
Rai Ballabh
Rai Durllabh - Diwan
Jagat Seth - Fampus Banker
Mir Jafar - Commander in chief of Nawabs Armay
Manik Chand - Oficer in Cgarfe of Calcutta
Omi chand - Bengal Merhcanr
Clive got letter from Mir Jafar in return for bengal nawabi he would betray
entered battlefiedl cofidenlt but lost moral, not a battle but a SKirmish
Came in the filed on 23rd June 1757
Siraj Ud Dualh was captueed and killed by Miran Son of Mira Jafar
New Nawab of Benhal was now - Mir Jafar
Plassey old Name - Palshi
Governors of Bengal - Installed Puppet Nawabs starting from Clive
Cross Means Remeber
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Impact
British Became Paramount European Power in Bnegal
Puppet Nawabs under British Contorl
Territorial FOundation of British Rule in INDa
Mononpoly over the trade of bnegal
Gains from bengal used to deetat frenc in south anglo carnaitic wars
Britishers won Battle of Plassey
Not because of military but due to Diplomacy and Treachery
Mir Jafar 1757-1760
Gave Lots of Concessions to broths
30 million in cash to british
Free trading rights in Benhal Bihar & Oriss
Gave Zameendari IRghts of province of 24 parghana
he realised britishers couldnt be satisified , british used mir jafar as golden goose
Istigated dutch to attack british - Battle of bidara, chingduri in 1759
Mir Jafar dethroned
Mir Jafar Son in Law Mir Qasim Successed him to NAwabi of Bengal
Mir Qasim 1760-1763
Puppet Nwab of British
50% Share in Profits of Chunam Trade in Silhet
Three New Places to British
Burdwan
Midnapore
Chittagong
Outstnading dues+ Fiancning brithsh war efforts
Qasaim was a Shrud and Intelligent ruler,
He started taking measured steps to get rid of british contorl,
Shifted capital from Murshidabad, Bengal to Munger in Bihar in 1762
Re Organised Bureaucrzcy & Military aling european lines
Finally he tried to abolish pertaingin to foroegn trade - This Made BEIC Angry
Mir Qasim was attacked by British in Series of Small Scale battles, <ir Qasim Escaped to Awadh (Shuja Ud Daulah & Shah Alam 2) and Ran Away from Bengal
Britishers made Mir Jafar Nawab Again (1763-1765) was expected to Behave
Third Carnatic
Battle of Buxar 27 Oct 1764
Prelude to Buxar 1764 AD in Awadh
Shah Alam - Mughal Emperor
Loss of Revenure from bengal
Wnated to Overthrow the British
Shuja Ud Daulah - Nawab of Awadh
Alarmed by the Increasinf British Influence
Mir Qasim - Ex Nawab of Bengal
Wanted to Free Bengal from British
Against - British Governor
Governor - Henry Vansittart
(CIC)Commander - Hector Munro
Defeat
Mir Qasim - Fled and Died in Abject Poverty
Shuda ud Daulh + Shah Alam with Britishers (Robert Cliver) - Treaty of Allahabad - 2 Treaties but we consider one
Terms of Treaties
Shuja Ud Daulah
War Fine/War indemnity - 50 Lac
Territories of Allahabad & Kara to Shah Alam 11
They would military assistance to Shuja Ud Daulah was clear inspiration from duplex but shuja had to pay for that - Clive Initiated the Policy of Ring Fence
Here they used Awadh as a Buffer State
Shah Alam II
To Reside at Allahabad under Companies Protection at Allahabad and Kara under British Protection
Issue a Farman granting the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa to the EIC in lieu Of an annual payment of Rs 26 Lacs (be Paid by BEIC)
Provision of Rs 53 Lacs to the company in return for Nizamat Functions
Background
Total Revenue - Total Expense(diwani Nizamat Etc) = Surplus = Mughal Treasury
1.5 Cr -
Shah Alam - 26 Lac
Nizam ud Daulah (Bengal) - 36 Lac
Nizamat - 53 Lac
Rest - Diwani Work
Pressing Questions
Why didn't they kill Shuja Ud Daulah ?
Enemy of Shuja Ud Daulah was Mdahav Rao, if britishers taken over awadh and they woul dhave became enemies of Maratha
So they wanted to make awadh a Buffer State
What is Policy of Ring Fence ? - Very Very Imp
According to policy of ring fence, the british company established frinedly relations with neighbouring indian rulers and provided them military assistane in return for payment
By this setup the BEIC protected its neighbouring Indian Territories so that British Territories in India could stay protected
Policy of RIng Fence had clear inspirations from Dupleix’s Actions and it was gradually promoted & perfected by other British rulers.
It was later formalised as Subsidiary Alliance by Richard Wellesley in 1798
HC - Susbisidary Allaince was matured version of Policy of Ring. Fence
Treaty of Allahabad reduced Shah Alam to a Mere British Pensioner
Shah Alam became a Virtual Prisoner of Company
Why Shah Alam wasn't killed ?
It was worth more alive than dead
Could get things done
All Marathas and Other Rulers would haev come Britishers Enemy
Nizam ud Daulah (Bengal)
He transferrred Nizamat Function (Police, Judiciary, Military) in Bengal to BEIC and Paid 36 Lac as Pensioners to Nizam ud Daulah
Why Did Company didnt take Nizamt from Shah Alam and Not Nawab
They didnt want to be Nawabas - becasue then they had to pay from themsleves for infra crop failure and maintaincece of public etc
In Case there was a Problem, people would approach Nawab
This complex setup was called dual govt
Puppet Nawab - Had All Responsibilities but No Power
Nawab Couldnt care for People
BEIC - Enjoyed all Powers but no Responsibilities
Nawab didnt want to
Impact of Battle of Buxar
British became the Paramount European Power in India
Puppet Rulers under British Control
Real Foundation of British Rule in India
Dual Government & Rampant Exploitation of Bengal
Political Vaccum of India was Gradually Filled
Companies Rule - Part 2 Dual Govt, Foundation, First Anglo-Mysore
Dual Government in India (1765 - 1772)
  1. This complex setup was called Dual Govt
    1. Puppet Nawab - Had All Responsibilities but No Power
    2. BEIC - Enjoyed all Powers but had No Responsibilities
  1. Its always about two power centres, controlling the same entity as in Bengal - Diarchy/Dyarchy
  1. Classic Example of Diarchy - Indian Marriage Setup
  1. Hence Bengal was Exploited Rampantly to the Extent of 6 Million Pounds of that time from Bengal
  1. Rampant Exploitation + Drought = Led to Bengal Famine of 1770 = 1/3 of Bengal Population Died i.e 10 Million Dead
  1. Warren Hastings in 1772 - Ended Dual Govt - because he was confident that BEIC could operate on its own now
  1. All Apparatus of Munger was now shifted to Calcutta - Calcutta became Administrative HQ of Warren Hastings
Foundation of British Rule in India (1767-1773)
  1. Company had morphed into a Semi Sovereign Political Entity in India
  1. George 3 couldn't ignore humanitarian crisis in India, hence wanted to control British affairs in India
  1. British Apprehensions
    1. Other British Capitalists were Jealous
    2. Politicians were alarmed as → BEIC could install Dual Government in Britain because of money at their disposal
    3. Britishers returning from India were ridiculed as Nabobs
  1. In 1767 BEIC was asked to pay 4 Lac Pounds Per Annum, to lower britishers tax. Company Paid.
  1. In 1771 BEIC Applied for a Loan of 1 Million Pound, Parliament got suspicious
  1. Secret Parliamentary committee appointed founded corruption in Company, Since Company was on the verge of Bankruptcy, Crown used this opportunity to control companies affairs in India.
  1. Regulating Act of 1773, to regulate activities of company in India.
  1. With 1857 Revolt Crown abolished Companies Rule and established Crowns Rule
First Anglo Mysore War - British Company v/s Rulers of Mysore (1767)
Mysore - Dinsintegraed from WOdeyars of Vijayanagr
Mid 18th Century - Chik Krishana Raja Wodeyar II - Puppet of His Nobles
Nanajaraj - Diwan
Devraj - Dulwai - Coomander of Army
Mysore had Enemity woth most of NEignoruing States
Marathas & Nizam
Mysore was Financially and Politcially weak
Tactics of Nanajaraj and Devraj were futile
thye needed a brilliant army man - Haider Ali
Hiade ALi - Uneducated Petty Horseman in Mysore Army
Had loyalty of his soldiers, was popular
Hiader Ali was frined of french in South India
Took Help of French - To Estab a Modern Weapons Factory or Arsenal in Dindigul 1755 with French Help
Becasue Military backed him, he eliminited ananraj and devraj and made wodeyar his pupper
haider ali became hde facto ruler, started conquesting territories
Captured Dod, Ballapur, Sera, BEdnur, Hoskote, Canara, Sund
Even Malabr Coast
On One hand - Hiader was expanding territory & marathas were attacking mysore
1764
1766
1771
One hand expanding and one hanf loosing
Malabar Coast - Enemy of BEIC - Thretaned SPice Trade
Around - Eenmy of Nizam
Enemy of Maratha
Britishers Grand Alliance in South India
Allaince - Britisher + Maratha + Nizam of Hyderabad + Nawab of Karantaka - Engineerind by Alliance v/s Haider
Haidrs Diplomatic Skills
Marathas - Promised Money - Asked them Remain Neutral
accpeted mone and remainded neutral
Nizam of Hyd +
Promised Territories and Estab Fridnship with Him
Britshier & Nawab of Carnatic
First Anglo Mysore War Starts
British + Carnatic v/s Haide + Nizam
Haider + Nizam attacked Arcot to give it to Nizam - War was inconclusive
During War
HE divrted a part of his troop to Madras, and captured madras in 1769
Hence Britishers Lost one of their strong hold to Haider Ali
Hence Haider Forced britihs to Sign a Treaty of Mysore
Britsh Eould pay Tribute to Haider
British Promised Military Help to Haider incase Marathas attacked Mysore in future
Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771 - Britishers Didn't help Haider meaning british violated treaty of madras
Hence Haider didnt trust british anymore and he established a stronger frienshsip with french
Here they were merely tarders due to loss in carnatic war, fench help woudl be, Here french were in Mahe
Haider could import western weapon in Mysore, Treaty fo Paris was binding to frwnch company and not french individuals. hence french mean military trained often helped rulers like haider
In Return Haider Provided Military Protection to French
Haider + French - Iriitated British
British Attakced Mahe in 1780 - Became Reason for Second ANglo Mysore War
Second Anglo Mysore War
Companies Rule - Part 3 Governors General of India - Political, Socio-Economic, Cultural, Administrative & Development
Governors-General of India - Very Important Facts for Prelims
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Warren Hasting
1772-1773 - GB
1773 - Regulating Act
1773-1785 - GGB
Williamn Bentick
1828-1833 - GGB
1833 - Charter Act
1833-1835 - GGI
Canning
1856-1858 - GGI
1858 - Crown Rule Started
1858-1862 - VRoy & GGI
Mountbatten
1947-1947 - VRoy & GGI
IIA 1947
1947-1948 - GG of II
C Rajagopalachari
First Last and Only Indian GGI
Summary of Governors Generals in India
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GGB - Regulating Act, 1773 (11)
Warren Hastings, 1773 - 1785
Political Developments
Policy of Ring Fence - Rohila War
Awadh as a Buffer State
Rohilla War, 1774
Ruler of Rohil Khand - Hafiz Rehmat Khan
Ruler of Awadh - Nawab Shuja ud Daulah
Hafiz and Shuja were enemies of Maratha, Rohil and Awadhis had helped Abdali in Battle of Panipat
Marathas were going to attack Hafiz Khan Maratha took help from Shuja
Shuja asked 40 lac Hafiz Paid 40 Lac Shuja + Britishers helped Hafiz maratha as peshwa Madhav Rao retreated
Madhav Rao died in 1772 narayan Rao assassinated by Raghunath Rao (His Uncle) 2 Peshwas died fast hence political gap hence Marathas wouldn't attack
Shuja now demanded 40 lac to hafiz
Hafiz Evaded Payment With Hastings, Shuja defeated and killed Hafiz Rehmat Khan
and annexed Rohil khand
Hafiz was last independent ruler of Rohil Khand His descendent - Khan Bahadur, Participated in Revolt of 1857
First Maratha War, 1775-1782
Raghunath Rao Assassinated Narayan Rao and Became Peshwa Posthumous Son of Narayan Rao - Sawai Madhav Rao His Wife headed the Marathas Now with BaraBhai Council BaraBhai Council headed by CM Nana Phadnavis supported Sawai Madhav Rao and declared him to be the peshwa so that he could be the regent
Hence to save his position, Raghunath Rao Signed Treaty of Surat
Treaty of Surat
  1. Britishers would provide Military Help to Raghunath Rao
  1. In Return Brit would get - Salsette and Basseain
  1. Because of Treaty of Surat the war started
  1. Hastings sent his Political agents to Maratha and signed a new treaty was called Treaty of Purandar Sawai Madhav Rao accepted as peshwa nana regent British were given sylhet and french wouldn't be allowed in Marathas
  1. Inspite of Treaty of Purandar, Bombay Britishers were insisting on Treaty of Surat
  1. Nana Phadnavis - due to British double attitude
  1. Nana Allowed French in Maratha territories and violated purandar treaty
  1. Full Fledged war started 1775-1782
  1. Suddenly in 1782
    1. Britishers established peace with Marathas - by Treaty of Salbai, 1782
    2. Peshwa - Sawai Madhav Rao
    3. Regent - Nana Phadnavis
    4. Pensioner - Raghunath Rao
    5. Salsette - British
  1. Marathas promised they would help Britishers against the enemy Haider in Mysore
Second Mysore War, 1780-1784
Haider Prominent, Upper Hand in First Mysore, Controlled Malabar
Haider Was protecting Mahe in French
British Attacked Mahe, - Second Anglo Mysore war
Prominent Battle was - Battle of Portonova in this Haider Was Defeated
Inspite the Defeat Haider continued the war
during course of war Haider died due to cancer, succeeded by his son Tipu, Tipu continued the war until 1784 for next 1.5 years
until now war had become inconclusive
by 1784 - both agreed for peace
by Signing Treaty of Mangalore
Territories Exchanged Prisoners of War were Exchanged
Why Britishers Chose Peace in Mysore
Britishers were facing two wars together
French + Maratha | French + Haider - fearful of loosing india also
as they had already lost America, Cornwallis had surrendered Battle of Yorktown 1781
Administrative Development
Regulating Act, 1773
  1. COD 24
  1. GGB + 4 - 1 Already Present in India + Others were sent to India
      2. From India - Didn't think Hastings was corrupt
      From British (3) - Others used to oppose him and thought he was corrupt
  1. GGIC - Governor General in Council
      2. Decision and major pass
      as a body could enact a law
  1. Didn't differentiate between Legislative and Executive
      2. They enacted and implemented by themselves
  1. In Enactment
      2. Governor General was getting outvoted every-time
      hence, administration was not at all smooth
  1. For Judicial Premises - A Supreme Court was established
    1. 1 SC at Calcutta - 1 CJ + 3 Judges
    2. First Chief Justice - Elijah Imphey
    3. Appointed by British Parliament
  1. Types of Jurisdiction in Supreme Court
    1. Original - British Sub in Presidency of Bengal
    2. Appellate - British Sub in Presidency of Madras and Bombay by Appeal
  1. Tussle Between SC and GGIC
    1. SC could punish Employees of the company
    2. GGIC wanted to trial Employees
    3. Hence case of unclear Jurisdiction
    4. Hence GGIC wanted Individual Jurisdiction
  1. Governor General , HIs Council and Governors of Bombay and Madras
    1. GGIC of Bombay + GGIC of Madras = Subordinated to GG of Bengal
    2. G of Bom and Madras tried to Violate the control
  1. Personal Trade and Gifts from Indians was banned
  1. Hence No Provision regarding welfare of Indians
Judicial Reforms
3 Tier Judiciary of Warren Hastings
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Dt Collector - Indian British Sadr Diwnani - GGIC as Judge Sadr Nizamant - GGIC Supervised
Father of Indian Jusdiciary - Warren Hastings
Attempts to Translate Indian Laws into English
Fatwa E Alamgiri - To English From Persian
Accord of Gentoo Laws in English - by Williamn Jones
Colebrookes Digest of Hindu Laws
Amending Act of 1781 / Declaratory Act of 1781
to solve issue of jurisdiction between GGIC and SC
Supreme Court lost its Appellate Jurisdiction, SC Jurisdiction was restricted to Fort Williamn and Calcutta, Appeals from Other Provinces went to Sadr Court
SC lost jurisdiction over employees and officer of company hence they were now trailed by GGIC
Hence Sadr Court Became Superior
Promised that Indian Customs and Religious importance would be given importance
First Act to Separate Executive from Judiciary
Pitts India Act, 1784
British Parliament Created a New Body Called BOC ( Board of Control 6 Members )
BOC 6 - In England
4 By Crown
From Privy Council to Advisory Council
2 by British Parliament
Chancellor of Exchequer - Finance Minister
Secretary of State - Minister of Parliament
Head of BOC = President of BOC = Sydney
Exclusive Control - Civil Military & Revenue Affairs
COD 24 - In England
Commercial Affairs
Created Dual Control over Indian British Administration
Administrative Deadlock Resolution
GG of Bengal was Still Not Solved
Hence Strength of GG Council was Reduced to 3 for smooth administration
Casting Vote - GG of Bengal could exercise In case of Tie
as COD and BOC were in Britain - hence Indian Territories by Britishers were British Possessions
GG of Bengal = GG of Bombay + GG of Madras
GG of Bengal - Clear Sub Ordination in Matters of War, Diplomacy and Revenue
General Ban on Aggressive Wars and Treaties
A Link Between GG and BOC out of this 24 COD - 3 were chosen as “Secret Committee of Directors” - Appointed by British Parliament
Socio Economic & Cultural Development
Revenue Farming, 1772
Warren Hastings Encouraged Revenue Farming to Maximise Income to Govt in Provinces of Bengal Bihar and Orissa
Even Officers of Company could Install Proxy IJARADARS
Auctions in Every Five Years, this made Revenue Farmers Corrupt and In Efficient and Revenue Farmers had become Corrupt
And hence Annual Auctions were Introduced
Because of Exploitation of Peasants - Agrarian Crisis Introduced
Problem with Britishers in IJARADARS - Unstable income to Govt due to Monsoon Dependent Agriculture in India
Madarsa Aliya (Calcutta Madarsa), 1780
Wanted to Produce Experts in Languages of Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Islamic Law for Competent Officers to Judiciary
Oriental Educational Policy - Indian Education Policy - Orient (East)
Most British Rulers in India were Orientalist
Asitaik Society of Bengal, 1784
Established by Williamn Jones with Support of Warren Hastins
First Meeting of Asiatic Society happened in Supreme Court, in the Chamber of Robert Chamber ( The Then SC Judge)
Hence First Chairman of Asiatik Society was : Robert Chambers
Contributions of Asiatik Society
Chalres Wilkin - Translated Bhagwat Gita 1830
James Princep - Decoded Brahmi Script in 1837
Because of this we came to Know about Ashoka, becasue of Ashoka was Brahmi
Archaeological Survey of India, 1861 (Inspired by ASB, 1784)
First Director General - Alexander Cunningham
Most Famous Director General - John Marshal
Popularity in India Started Declining in India and Britain due to
Trial of Nand Kumar, 1775
Bengali Zamindar → 2.5 Lac from Widow of Mir Jafar taken by Hastings
Counter Charge → Forgery → Death of Nan Kumar
Chait Singh Episode, 1778
Feudatory of Oudh→ 22.5 Lac to Company+4 Lac War Levy 1778 1789 1780 → 2 Lac bribe to Hastings → Still Imposed a Fine of 50 Lac on Raja → Not able to Pay → Raja Deposed & Nephew Installed → Money from 222.5 to 40 Lac
Begums of Awadh Affair, 1782
Begums of Awadh → Property Snatched from them → for Recovering Debt of Company
Warren Hastings was Impeached and called back to England
Charles Cornwallis, 1786-1793 | 1805
Act of 1786
  1. Cornwallis was a able Military Commander. Hence GGI+Commander in Chief
  1. Cornwallis could override council decision on his responsibility
Political Development
Third Mysore War 1790-1792
Tipu was Defeated & Treaty of Seringapatnam ( Sri Ranga Patnam - Tipus Capital)
  1. War Fine of Rs 3 Crore - Paid Half of War Fines
  1. Half Money Paid By - Two Sons taken as Hostages
  1. Later Sons got back by Paying Fine
  1. Forced to Give 50 Percentage of his Territories to British and Friends
  1. This Treaty had made Mysore, Territorially, Financially and Militarily Weak
Now Tipu had to Rebuild Mysore from 1792-1799
French Revolutuion - 1789 - 1799 - 1815
During times of Louis XVI
Ideals : Liberty Equality Fraternoty
Four Stages - Second Satges - By Revolutionaries - Jacobians - Max Robespierre
Declared France to a Republic
France becoming Republic, Was threat to Monarchs of Europe
Hence British Attacked France, Max appointed Napolean to fight british in French terrirotiey
He defated British
Repub;ican Govt Ended
Napolean became Consul of France - 1799-1804
Napolean became Emperor of France - 1804-1815
1805 - Napolean Naval fight Militarily ieth british, he lost
realised
Late 1790 Egyptian campaign
Contienental Syetem of 1806 was a economic blockade initited by Napolean to weaken British Economy under this sys napolean estb control over startegic ports of europe and insisted that no european country should trade with britain
A Country violating this system would be attacked by France, he threatened
Tipu was a Close Freind of French
Tipu was a member of Jacobian Club
Tipu was a fan of French Revolution
Deeply moved by the Ideals of French Revolution
He was a Monarch hence called Himself, Citizen Tipu
He planted a tree in Serinhapatnam called, Tree of Liberty
He realised Eocnomic strength is military strentgh
hence he true destablishing modern navy and modern trading compnay like Europeans
in 1796, he dethrowned wodeyars and declared himself as sultan of mysore and he knew britishers were to be defeated
he sent onvoice and messangers to different parts of world especially to muslim nations
his envoys reached france,
he wanted to forma. a condearcy of international rulers to defeat britishers
tipus envoy met napolean, napolean crated an army of 1 lac soldiers
but befire napolean could help tipu, napolean was defeated in egyptian campaign
Tipu was first missile man in the world
tipu was not a Religious Bigot
hence they considered tipu to be a religious bigot
Administrative Development
Act of 1786
  1. Cornwallis was allowed to exercise power of Commander in Chief
  1. Veto under Special Circumstances
  1. GGB became effective Ruler
Cornwallis Code, 1793
Civil Services Reforms
  1. Merit was Introduced for Recruitment of Civil Services
  1. No Recommendation was accepted in appointment of Civil Services
  1. All High Positions in Civil Services was made exclusive for Europeans
  1. Indians were restricted to Lower Ranks in Civil Services - He thought Indians were Disloyal, In Efficient & Non Meritorious
  1. Recruitment of Civil Servants was done by COD and sent them to India. COD had complete monopoly over recruitment of civil servants from (1793-1853/54)
  1. BOC was Historically Accused of Nepotism ; Cornwallis was against this.
  1. Prospective Civil Servants had to Sign an Agreement or a Covenant and Agree that
    1. They Will Not Accept Bribe
    2. They Will Not be involved in Private Trade
    3. Disclose their assets before entering into Civil Services
  1. Signing this and Entering Civiil Services - Covenanted Civil Servant
  1. Cornwallis’s Civil Services under company was made Highest Paying Job under the World
  1. Father of Indian Civil Services - Corn Wallis
  1. He Felt that too many powers were concentrated in Hands of District Collector - Judiciary and Administrative
    1. Hence Cornwallis Separated Revenue Administration from Civil Jurisdiction
Police Reforms
  1. Historically Police function was done by Mughals. Cornwallis introduced Europeanised form of Police
  1. Province → District(SP) → Circle(Inspector) → Tanas
  1. SP → Europeans && Inspectors (Darogas)→ Indians
  1. Father of Indian Police - Cornwallis
  1. They were given unlimited power and hence they had become Oppression Arm of BEIC
Judiciary Reforms
  1. Introduced 4 Tier Judiciary
  1. Cornwallis abolished Jurisdiction between Civil and Revenue Cases
  1. Revenue Courts also Called ( Maal Adalats)
  1. 4 Tier
    1. Local
    2. District
    3. Provincial
    4. Apex Court + Supreme Court (Dummy Court)
  1. Indian Judges - Were Restricted to the Local Court, Specially Civil Judiciary
  1. Indian Judges in Criminal Judiciary worked under Europeans
  1. Appeals from Sadr Court - To Privy Council of British Monarch
Summary1
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Summary2
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  1. Positive Impacts of Judiciary Reforms
    1. Inhumane Punishments were Abolished, Civilised Punishment like - Hang Till Death was Introduced
    2. Indians could Sue Indian Officers of the Company
  1. Negative Impact of Judiciary Reforms
    1. Judiciary, Particularly Provincial courts had become inefficient due to many levels
    2. because they didn't meet regularly, they met only twice a year, burden on administration. Hence Pendency of Cases Increased.
    3. Justice had become Costly & Time Consuming
    4. Police Violence on Under Trials Increased, as they didn't meet regular, police custody violence increased
CORNWALLIS EUROPEANISED INDIAN ADMINISTRATION, JUDICIARY & POLICE
BOC was Initially paid until 1793 from British Parliament, then from BEIC Treasury
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
  1. Establishment of Sanskrit College in Banaras, 1791 - By Jonathan Duncan
    1. To Promote Development of Sanskrit Literature
    2. All Britishers were Orientalist
    3. Hidden Agenda - Brits wanted to Master Hindu Law
  1. Prelude to Permanent Settlement - Option to Revenue Farming - Needed for Stabilised Income
    1. Procure Raw Material Advance
    2. Salaried of Bureaucrats
    3. Conquest and Wars be Planned
  1. Cornwallis Introduced - Zameendari or Permanent Settlement, 1793
    1. By John Shore & James Grant
    2. Aim
      1. Maximum, Stable Income
      2. Political Allies
      3. Increase Agricultural Production in India
    3. Process
      1. 45-50% of Revenue for 10 Years
    4. Introduced in
      1. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Parts of Madras & Carnatic
  1. Land Owning System
    1. They Didn't own the land but because they were paying revenue regularly they had some hereditary rights on the land and hence weren't evicted form the Land
    2. Britishers felt that if some Indians could be made the owners of Land, so that they may take care of land and increase efficient and output of Production
    3. Cornwallis Identified some people and declared them owners of this Land
    4. Until Zameendar's & His Descendants paid Revenue Regularly they could be owners of Land
  1. Method of Calculation
    1. Land Revenue Calculated in terms of Bags or Money
    2. Ex : Land Produce = 220 Bags of Rice
    3. Hence Land Revenue would be : 110 Bags of Rice
    4. Zameendar had to Collect this 110 and submit it to the government
      1. Govt - 10/11 - 100 Bags
      2. Z’Dar - 1/11 - 10 Bags
    5. Remaining 110 Bags - Shared Between Z’Dar and Peasants
    6. In Case of Bumper Produce - Zameendar would get Surplus - Zameendar became Rich - Zameendar became a Political Friend of British - Zameendar would control revolt now not Britishers
    7. Zameendar's would Breakwater of Storms - Commentary
    8. Zameen’s Patta would be in the Name of Zameendar’s
    9. Peasants were not only Exploited but also lost Hereditary Rights of their Land
  1. Why Advantageous to Britishers
    1. Made Political Allies
    2. Increased Revenue
    3. Gave Stabilised Income
  1. Negative Impact of Zameendari System
    1. Exploitation of Peasants
    2. Govt was illusive, Zameendar made more Money than Govt
Miscellaneous Development under Cornwallis
  1. Came Back Assumed GGB in 1805 and Died in 1805
  1. First British GG to have died in India - Cornwallis
John Shore, 1793-1798
Political Events - Battle of Kharda, 1795 - Northern Maharashtra
  1. Between - Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jahan II v/s Marathas Peshwa : Sawai Madhav Rao
  1. Because of Boundary Disputed and Issue of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
  1. Renowned for Unity Amongst Marathas - All Maratha Sardars - Scindia, Holkars were united behind Peshwa
  1. This was Last United front of Marathas
  1. Reason for Maratha Unity - Nana Fandavis
  1. Hyderabad - Agreed to Pay Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
  1. Sawai Madhav Rao hated Micro Management of Nan Fadnavis Regent hence he committed Suicide in 1795
  1. Palace of Peshwa - Shanivarwada
  1. Nana Fadnavis installed Son of Raghunath Rao Balaji Baji Rao II - Last as well as the Worst Peshwa
Death of Nana Fadnavis, 1800
  1. Unity in Maratha didn't exist for long - Nana Fandavis died in 1800 AD
  1. Nana Fadnavis Died in 1800 so did unity amongst Marathas
  1. Marathas started fighting that who will control Peshwa, Scindia were winners of this conflict
Charter Act of 1793 → { 1813, 1833, 1853* } → Every 20 Years
  1. Sovereignty on Behalf of the Crown
  1. Royal Approval - Mandatory
  1. BOC Reinstated - till 1793 Paid by British, After 1793 BOC+Officers of BOC Paid by Indians
  1. Practise of Paying Home Government Members in 1793 continued till 1919
  1. Tribute of 5 Lac Pound per Year
  1. Country Trade License - They Loved Tea, but didn't knew how to Produce Tea, Only Country Producing Tea was China
    1. Chinese insisted that brits paid through Gold and China
    2. Hence Britishers exported opium from afghan india to china, make them drug addicts, pay from this business and import tea and gave it to BEIC
    3. Tea - 10 Pounds/Year
  1. Privilege Extended for 20 Years
  1. VETO of Cornwallis extended to all GG & Governors
  1. Senior Officials Barred from Leaving in India, Leaving would be considered Resignation
  1. Revenue Administration - Civil Jurisdiction
  1. Introduced Local Governments in Presidency Town in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta - to Keep City Clean
    1. by 1850 there were local governments in all of British provinces
  1. QUES : why is Rippon considered as Father of Local Self Government, if we had local government since 1793 ?
Zameendari or Permanent Settlement of 1793 - Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
He Implemented Permanent Settlement in Various Places like : Bihar, Bengal, Orissa etc
Richard Wellesley, 1798-1805
Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance, 1798
  1. Major Diplomatic Military Policy
  1. Duplex used French Army as a Mercenary Force → inspired Clive → Policy of Ring of Fence → W Hastings Promoted → Gradual Perfection by British Rulers → Subsidiary Alliance of Wellesley, 1798, Nizam of Hyderabad First to accept it
Subsidiary Alliance had 4 Stages
STAGE 1 - Friendship & Buffer State
  1. British Company Approached Indian Rulers and Offered Friendship as well as Military Assistance in case of an Emergency
STAGE 2 - Military Assistance
  1. Company Provided Military Assistance to the Friendly Rulers & Helped them achieve victories in Local Battles, Wars and Conflicts
  1. Hence, Company Demonstrated their Military Superiority
STAGE 3 - Subsidiary Treaty
  1. Company convinced Indian Rulers to Disband his Native Military in place of which Company was to { RECRUIT, TRAIN & COMMAND} a SUBSIDIARY ARMY
  1. This Subsidiary Army was to be Maintained at the cost of Indian Subsidiary Rulers
  1. The Money Ruler Paid to the Company was Called - Subsidiary Money
  1. State or Country - Subsidiary State
  1. Subsidiary Army was to provide protection to Subsidiary Ruler against both Internal & External Threats
  1. but Army remained loyal to British Commanders and not to the Subsidiary Rulers
  1. Gradually Subsidiary Ruler became dependent upon Subsidiary Army and Company Insisted that he shouldn't control his Foreign Policy - { Friends & Foe was to be decided by Company}
  1. Company also Installed their Political Agent { RESIDENT } at the Capital of Subsidiary State & his purpose was to cause political chaos leading to Annexation of Subsidiary State ultimately
STAGE 4 - Subjugation
  1. Company Increased Subsidiary Money Exorbitantly that the Indian Ruler couldn't afford to pay in lieu of Pending Dues he was convinced to CEDE or GIVE AWAY parts of his territories with complete SOVEREIGN RIGHTS to the Company
  1. Gradually, The Subsidiary Ruler was reduced to the Position of Complete Dependence and his State has been rendered IMPOTENT.
The Primary Goals of Subsidiary Alliance were
  1. To Make Company Supreme Rulers of Indian Territories
  1. To Maintain a Large Standing Army at the Cost of Indian Rulers
  1. To Not Let Indian Rulers Unite Against the Company as they controlled the foreign policy
  1. To Keep the French out of Indian Politics given “Napoleonic Danger and Threat to British”
Effects of Subsidiary Alliance, 1798
  1. Thus Wellesley used Subsidiary Alliance as Trojan Horse & a Double Edged Sword to expand British territories in India and to keep the French at Bay at the Same time
  1. Hence No attempt of Grand Alliance is Seen in the 19th Century.
Primary Features
  1. Dissolve Army & Pay for it. If Not able to, Give Away Portions of Land
  1. B Non Interference in Internal Affairs
  1. Cannot Enter into Alliance with other Foreign Power, No Foreign National, Surrender Foreign Affairs to B → Curb Napoleonic Danger
  1. Indian = Lost Powers in Military & Foreign = Lost Power = British “Protectorate” → Full time British Resident in Indian Court
Fourth Mysore War, 1799
  1. Arthur Wellesley Military Commander and Brother of Richar was killed in Battle of Seringapatnam
  1. Wodeyars readily signed Subsidiary Alliance with British Company
  1. Tipus Family and there Trusted Friends and Soldiers were imprisoned in Fort of Vellore, Modern Day Tamil Nadu
Second Maratha War, 1803-1806
Nana Dead, Infighting Started, Peshwa Baji Rao II was Influenced by Daulat Rao Scindia
Yashwant Rao Holkar and Brother Vithoji Holkar → Expanding Territories → They also attacked Peshwa Territories → Peshwa+Scindia attacked and Killed Vithoji Holkar → This Made Yashwant Rao Holkar Bitter Enemy of Yashwant Rao Holkar
Yashwant in 1802 attacked Peshwa & Scindia and Defeated them in Battle of Poona or Battle of Hadaspar
Peshwa Escaped from Poona, Yashwant Rao Installed Relative Vinayak Rao as new Peshwa
Baji Rao II - Treaty of Bassein, 1802 (Subsidiary Treaty) - Peshwa Promised Territories i.e to the Company in return britishers promised him crown
Marathas couldn't digest a Subsidiary Peshwa hence they tried to Defeat British Individually and got defeated except for Gaikwads ( who had already signed Subsidiary Treaty)
Bhonsle - Treaty of Devgaon, 1803 (Subsidiary Treaty)
Scindia - Treaty of Surajianjangaon, 1804 (Subsidiary Treaty)
Holkars - Company Compromised - Treaty of Raigarh/Raipurgarh, 1806 (NOT Subsidiary Treaty)
Administrative Developments
Implementation of Subsidiary Alliance
  1. Hyderabad 1798
  1. Mysore 1799
  1. Tanjore 1799
  1. Awadh 1801
  1. Peshwa Maratha 1802
  1. Scindia Maratha 1803
  1. Gaekwad Maratha 1803
 
Tanjore and Carnatic - Madras Presidency Created
Fort Williamn College, 1800
  1. To Provide training to civil servants in Local Languages
  1. Established without Permission of COD, COD didn’t like training of Civil Servants, Hence Stopped in 1802, Training Stopped, Normal Education Started
Training College in Haileybury England, 1807
Socio Economic & Cultural Development
Censorship Act, 1799
Prelude to Censorship Act
  1. Portuguese Missionary - Introduced Printing Press in Goa - Saint Francis Xavier
  1. First Newspaper to be Printed in India Ever, 1780
    1. Bengal Gazette or Calcutta Advertisement
    2. by James Augustus Hickey
    3. Hickey used to criticise BEIC a lot
    4. Hickey was a Fearless and First Journalist of India
  1. French Used to Criticise BEIC in their Newspaper
  1. Newspapers were in English, that is for Elite and Europeans
  1. Most Indians were not able to read it, hence Newspaper couldn't have created anti BEIC sentiments in India
  1. But Britishers going to India would have carried it to British, and news of companies misconduct couldn’t reach England
First Press Regulation in Modern Times in India, 1799
  1. Brought all newspaper under government Scrutiny before their publication
  1. Extended in 1807 to cover all kinds of Press Publications Newspaper, Magazines, Books and Pamphlets
  1. Relaxed in 1818 when Marques Hastings was GG
First Indian Language/Bengali Newspaper
  1. Samachar Darpan by Baptist Mission Press by Joshua Marshman, 1818
Vital Vishvanasak, 1888
  1. by Gopal Baba Walangkar, Pioneer of Dalit Rights in India
Serampore Mission, 1800
  1. Baptist Mission, Serampore Mission, 1800
  1. British Missionary called Williamn Carrey settled in a Danish Territories in Serampore where he established a Baptist Mission
  1. By Baptist Mission → Spread Education → Established Educational Institutions
  1. They Translated Bible into Local Languages
    1. To Bangla - Hence Dev of Bangla Literature
  1. Established Baptist Mission Press
  1. Was a Short Lived Effort ; only for 20 25 years, after death it ended
Miscellaneous Developments
  1. Profits of Company was declining hence COD thought Wellesley
  1. The Adventurer of Lord Wellesley were good, but they were costly the continuous was with Mysore and Marathas, his policy of Launching educational projects in India caused financial Strain, due to which the COD recalled him in 1805
Charles Cornwallis, 1805
Came to India and Died in India
First GG to die in India
George Barlow, 1805-1807
  1. Definition of Mutiny - Group In Sub Ordination in Armed Forces.
  1. Famous Mutiny - Vellore Mutiny, 10 July 1806
    1. Family of Tipu imprisoned in Vellore Fort
    2. John Craddock - Military Commander
    3. JC - Introduced New Dress Code
      1. No Religious Marks should be seen,
      2. A Round Hat or Turban was added
      3. This Turban was only by Christians at that time
      4. They suspected that British Rulers were trying to convict them from Christianity
      5. 10 July 1806 - Sepoy Killed 14 Britisher Officers and 115 Enlightenment of the 69th Regiment in Vellore & Captured the Fort
      6. The Mutiny Started during Midnight by Dawn, the fort had been captured by them
      7. Mysore Sultanate Flag was hoisted & Tipu Sultans son FATEH HAIDER was declared as the king
      8. Rollo Gillespie from Arcot quelled the Rebellion
      9. 350 Indian soldiers were 350 wounded
    4. Mutinies were common from Battle of Buxar generally because of Payment Issues from 1764
Gilbert Minto 1, 1807-1813
Political Development
  1. Tipu Invited Napoleon
  1. Tipu Died
  1. Napoleon Couldn't Defeat British Militarily
  1. Hence Napoleons Economic Blockade - Continental System
  1. Only Britain had IR → Mass Production of Cotton Textile
  1. Other Europeans didn't had IR → They couldn't ignore cheap textiles
  1. First Country to Violate Continental System - TSAR Alexander 1
  1. TSAR made peace with Napoleon - Treaty of Tilsit, 1807
  1. Napoleon couldn't invade India because of Europe but Russia could
  1. This led to Russophobia in Indians Rulers
  1. Hence, NWFP was to be fortified
  1. Indian Rulers beyond NWFP could help Russians and that would destroy Britishers
  1. Indian Ruler in NW of India were
    1. Persia - Zaman Shah in Iran - Descendant of Abdali - Son of Timur Shah Durrani
      1. Rulers were called Amirs at that time
    2. Sindh - Rulers were also called Amirs = Char Yaar’s
      1. 4 brothers in Sindh Royal Family - Divided Sindh in 4 and Ruled it
    3. Punjab, 1792-1839
      1. Most Powerful Ruler in India NW
      2. Wanted to Expand Territoires
      3. He Defeated Zaman Shah & Occupied Lahore and Proclaimed himself to be Maharaj of Sikhs in 1801
      4. RS had second best Military in Asia ; First best was of British
      5. What if RS & Zaman Shah & CharYaar - Befriended British
        1. Malcom - Iran, Tehran
        2. Metcalf - Lahore, Pakistan - to RS
        3. Elphinstone - Kabul, Afghanistan
        4. Nicholas Smith - Sindh
      6. Metcalf Sent by Minto Signed by RS - Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 or Metcalf Minto Treaty, 1809
        1. Established Friendship between Sikhs & British
        2. British Promised that they would not go to North of Sutlej
        3. RS Promised that they would not go to South of Sutlej
        4. If Someone Crossed the River = Declaration of War
      7. This gave free hand on other side of Sutlej to RS
        1. Hence RS Started Territorial Expansion & Hence Annexed
        2. Multan 1818
        3. Kashmir 1819
        4. Peshawar 1834 - from Amirs of Afghanistan
        5. Rojhan 1836 - from Amirs of Sindh
Administrative Developments
Police Reforms, 1808
  1. SP to be assisted by several spies GOYENDAS but these Spies committed depredation on local people
Charter Act of 1813
  1. Another 20 Years w/o causing any harm/prejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown
  1. MONOPOLY of BEIC was ABOLISHED in Indian Trade
  1. MONOPOLY of BEIC was INTACT over Tea and China
Reasons for Abolishment of this Indian Trade ?
Reason 1 : Book by Father of Economics Adam Smith : Wealth of Nations, 1776
  1. Laissez Faire
    1. Minimal Government Intervention in Economic Affairs and Society
    2. Free Trade & Market Forces should drive the Market
  1. Others British Capitalist wanted trade offers too
Reason 2 : Continental System of Napoleon
  1. Britishers couldn't sell in Europe ; they were on brink of losses
  1. Hence they wanted a New Market : Indian
Company Argued ?
  1. Commercial Privileges and Territorial Control couldn't be separated
  1. Strict Licensing System for Selected Few Companies to Come to India after removal of Monopoly & 10.5 % dividend for Companies Shareholders
  1. Separate Accounts - Commercial Transactions and Territorial Revenues
  1. Regulations before the British Parliament
  1. One Lakh Rupees for Educating Indians
  1. British Capitalist were installing Proxy Parliamentarians, so that they could modernise the country so that there goods could be sold in India
  1. Officially Allowed Christians Missionaries - A Catholic Bishop was appointed in Calcutta, India
  1. Local Govt were enabled to Levy Taxes and could enact laws to punish Tax Evaders
Socio Economic and Cultural Developments
Orientalist - Anglicist Controversy
  1. HH Wilson & HT Prinsep - Orientalist
    1. In favour of Sanskrit, Arabic & Persian as the medium of Education
  1. Charles Trevelyan & Elphinstone & Macaulay - Anglicise
    1. Supported western Education through the medium of English
    2. Ex : Raja Ram Mohan - to infuse rationality in Indians
  1. To Find a Solution to this Problem - General Committee of Public Instructions, 1823 when John Adam was GG of India
  1. The company had no definite policy and agency with regard to the mode of expenditure of the said amount resulting in a decade long educational controversy
  1. At last in 1823 an official agency the GCPI was created to deal with Educational Matters
  1. A State System of Education in the Three Presidencies in 1823 and expanded till 1833
Go to John Adams for Detailed General Committee Public Instructions Report
Marques Hastings I, 1813-1823
Political Events
Policy of Intervention and War
  1. The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
  1. Since companies power was greater than that of Indian States, it could annexe ot threaten to annex any Indian Kingdom to protect its interests
Nepal War / Gurkha War, 1814-1816
  1. Ruled by Gurkha ; Early 19th Century : Prithvi Narayan Shah
  1. Border Dispute ; Nepal was a Hurdle in Trade with Tibet
  1. Hastings defeated Gurkha and made Nepal a Buffer Safety for Political Safety
  1. Nepal War Ended with - Defeat of Prithvi Shah → Treaty of Sagauli, 1816
  1. Lost 1/3rd of Territories - Garhwal-Kumaon Region & Sikkim
Third Anglo Maratha War, 1817-1818 - To Understand a Bit More Clearly
  1. Peshwa Humiliated by the Company
  1. Peshwa claims of revenue from Baroda not honoured
  1. Peshwas refusal to surrender his minster accused of murder
  1. Treaty of Poona, 1817 with Peshwa
  1. British Intervention into the Succession disputes of Bhonsle's
  1. Suppression of Pindaris - Treaty of Gwalior, 1817 (Amir Khan, Karim Khan & Chintu Khan)
  1. Peshwa was Defeated in a Series of Battles
    1. Battle of Khirki, 1817
    2. Bhima Koregaon, 1818 - Peshwa Defeated by a British Regiment dominated by Dalits of Lower Class - Dalits celebrate the victory still
  1. Bhonsle Defeated
    1. Battle of Sitabudi, 1817
  1. Holkars Defeated
    1. Battle of Midhipur, 1818 - Treaty of Mandasor, 1818
  1. Treaty of Poona, 1818 - Peshwaship Abolished
  1. Peshwa’s Territories Annexed
  1. Peshwa Pensioned off to Kanpur (Bithur)
  1. Marathas Confederacy was dissolved
  1. Titular Chhatrapati - Pratap Singh
  1. When Baji Rao II Died → Adopted Son ; Nan Saheb / Dondu Pant → wasn't given Pension - Hence angry with Britishers - Participated in R of 1857
  1. Baji Rao II → Adopted Daughter → Manikarnika, Manu - Married to King of Jhansi
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Calcutta Hindu College, 1817 - IMP
RRMR - Rationalists
College was Anglicises
English Education in Western Humanities and Sciences
Earliest Institutions if Higher Learning in Asai
Liberal, Scientific & Secular Education
Renamed as Presidency College of Bengal in 1855
Prominent Alumni were - Jagadish Chandra Bose & Prafulla Chandra Ray
Sanskrit Colleges in Calcutta, Delhi & Agra, 1823 - By Govt
It was a Orientalist College with English Language System as well
Ryotwari Settlement, 1820
Prelude
  1. It was a upgrade to Permanent Settlement, it was favouring Zamindars More
  1. New System in Newly Conquered Territories
Designers were Thomas Munro & Alexander Reed
Introduced in Madras, Bombay, Presidencies, Parts of Assam, Bengal and Coorg
Intentions to
Maximisation of Income for British
Company was a loser under Permanent Settlements
Peasant Exploitation by Zamindars shifted to exploitation by Govt
Exact Mechanism - Factors Negating Peasant Ownership
50-60% / 30 Years
Govt entered into direct agreement with Ryots i.e Peasants
Peasants were profitable for Britishers Because
Revision Possible
Easy Control
Places of Ryotwari Settlement - Bengal, Coorg, Parts of Assam, Madras
The Hidden Agenda
  1. Strict due date for LR Payment
  1. Scope for Revision within 30 years
  1. Peasants Paid Rent, NOT TAX
  1. On Paper Peasant was the Owner of Land
  1. If Tax couldn't be paid due to very high tax, money lender took money on interest
  1. Vicious Life Cycle - Tax & Interest
  1. Money Lender reduced Peasant to the Post of Bonded Labourer
  1. Money Lender - Absentee LandLordism
  1. Hence Agricultural Land Gradually Passed on to the Land Lords & Capitalist
  1. At Time of Independence, 75% of Lands was owned by 7% of Indians - Hence Land Reforms
State of Agriculture in India
  1. Farmers stopped food-grains due to less profit
  1. Started Cultivating Cash Crops like - SugarCane, Cotton, Tobacco → Gave Higher Returns
  1. Britishers Motivated Modernisation of Agriculture
  1. But Cash Crops couldn't be eaten hence Food Security was in Danger
Impact of British Land Revenue Settlements
Private Property & Saleable Commodity
  1. was not possible earlier & sale patta between govt and also between peasants
  1. Peasants Lost Hereditary Rights Over Land
  1. Agriculture Became Unprofitable
  1. Absentee Landlordism
  1. Menace of the Money Lenders
  1. Increased Debts and Bonded Labour
  1. Commercialisation of Agriculture
Food Insecurity & Frequent Famines
A Total of 12 Famines Happened During British Company
John Adams, 1823
Socio Economic Cultural Development
General Committee of Public Instructions
  1. Committee Consisted of Ten Members like H T Princep, Thomas Babbington Macaulay, H H Elison and most of the member were admirers of Classical or Oriental Learning
  1. Actions of Orientalism
    1. It Set Up Sanskrit College in Calcutta, Agra, Delhi
    2. Introduced English Classes in all oriental colleges;
    3. undertook the printing & publications of Sanskrit and Arabic Books at a large scale
    4. Employed Scholars to Translate English Books in to the Oriental Languages
  1. GCPI was clearly inclined towards Orientalism but public opinion was rapidly growing gin favour of English Education due to several reasons
  1. The Missionaries had greatly popularised English Education
  1. Indian Leader like Raja Ram Mohan Roy urged Indians to Study the English Languages and to acquire a knowledge of the western science
  1. Study of English was Essential to obtain Lucrative posts under govt as it was the Language of the rulers
  1. English Education was regarded a panacea for all social ills
Press Regulations, 1823
  1. Wanted to Regulate Press Activities in India.
  1. He Passed Press Regulations for Press
  1. Extinguished the Freedom of Unlicensed Printing - Operating a Press without a License a Punishable Offence
  1. Every Publisher was required by the Government to Obtain a License
  1. The Government also had the Authority to revoke the License
  1. Default to Pay a Penalty of Rs 400 and the Government would shut Down the Press
  1. Buckhingham’s Calcutta Journal and Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s Mirat Ul Akhbar had to Cease Publication
Williman Amherst, 1823-128
Political Events
First Burman War, 1824-1826
  1. Boundaries Between India and Burma not defined clearly
  1. Some Burman Kings like Bodhopaya and Magida - USed this to their advantage and invaded India
  1. Baghida annexed Assam - Annexation of Baghida was too close to Comfort of Britishers in Bengal
  1. Amherst Declared War
  1. Burmese Defeated
SUMMARY
  1. Unclear / Ill Defined Boundary
  1. Bodawpaya Annexed Arakan 1784 & Maniour 1813
  1. Bagyidaw Annexed Assam in 1822
  1. Burmese Driven out of Assam, Manipur, Cachar, Jaintia
  1. Ended with Treaty of Yandabo, 1826 - Burmese Defeated
  1. British Occupied Arakan and Tenesserim - Coastal Places
Barrackpore Mutiny, 1824-1825
Sea Voyage - Kala Paani Taboo - Upper Caste Taking Sea Voyage would loose their Caste
Negligence and Poor Supply Arrangements (Mathura to Barrackpore to Chittagong)
British Insensitivity towards Indian Cultural Sentiments (Kala Paani Taboo)
26th 47th & 63rd Regiments of the Bengal Native Infantry
About 1400 Soldiers mutinied under the Leadership of Bindee Tiwari, but Mutiny was Brutally Suppressed
Tiwari and a Few Hundred Solider were Killed
In Short : Logistical Difficulties & Kala Paani Taboo
Miscellaneous Developments
Arrival of the First Steam Ship, “The Enterprise” in Madras, 1827
Meaning Britishers could reach India irrespective of wind conditions
Hence Import Export Increased from Britishers
Williamn Bentinck, 1828-1833-1835 - VVIMP
Exact Opposite of M Hastings, Avoided War but wouldn't Shy Away of Authority was Challenged
Political Events
Annexation of Mysore from KrishnaRaja Wodeyar, 1831
Economic Mismanagement - Nagar Revolt, 1830
Wodeyars used to Collect Exorbitant Tax from Peasants, Oppression of Peasants
Treaty of Friendship with Ranjit SIngh @ Ropar, 1831
Enabled British Traders and Merchants to Cross Sutlej
Merchants were needed to have Valid Passport
A Way out of Treaty of Amritsar
Some Boundary Disputes were Solved
Treaty of Indus with the Amirs of Sindh, 1832
To Promote British Trade in Sindh
To use Indus for Navigation & Trade
Also Called Treaty of Indus / Sindh / Perpetual Friendship
Annexation of Cachar (1832), Coorg (1834), Jaintia (1835)
Cachar, 1832 & Jaintia, 1835 - To Increase British Influence in North East India
Coorg, 1834 - Against Rebellious King Chikka Veerarajendra
Suppression of Thugs/Thugees by Williamn Henry Sleeman - MOST IMPORTANT
Background of Thugs
  1. Hereditary Assassin, Closely Nit Secret Network
  1. Disguise as Common Man
  1. Travelled Across Lengths and Breadths of Ganges
  1. Kill by Hankey, Kill Them & Loot
  1. Thugs were Menace Since from Delhi Sultanate
Aftermath
  1. About 1400 Thugs were hanged or Transported for Life, Special Thugs Prison in Jabalpur
  1. Thugee & Dacoity Department, 1835 headed by Williamn Henry Sleeman
International Political Development - The Great Game
  1. Conflict b/w Brits & Russia
  1. Ended at time of Viceroy Elgin II
  1. The Great Game between England and Russia Began in 1830 and Lasted Throughout the 19th Century
  1. Rivalry Between Britain & Russia to Protect their Spheres of Influence in Central Asia
  1. England used Afghanistan as a Buffer State to Protect all approaches to British India by Russia
  1. British Concerns about the Russian Influence on Afghanistan led to the Anglo Afghan War
  1. Two Anglo Afghan War - 2
Administrative Developments
Police and Judicial Reforms, 1829
POLICE REFORMS - NOT SUCCESS
  1. Thugee and Dacoit Dept, 1835 by WH Sleeman was abolished by Viceroy Curzon
  1. Instead he created
    1. CID - Criminal Investigation Department - Provinces
    2. CIB - Central Intelligence Bureau - Central
    3. CID pre Cursor to CBI
  1. Abolished Position of SP, Policing Power now with District Magistrate → Tremendous Increase of Burden on Police Magistrate → Not a Great Success → Police Reforms of Bentick was not a Complete Success
JUDICIAL REFORMS - SUCCESS
Multi Tude of Changes Introduced by Bentick
notion image
First Time Indian Judge was in District Court
Made it Efficient - Pendency of Cases Reduced
Accessibility of Courts Improved - New Apex Court in Allahabad
The Charter Act of 1833
Indian Territories to be Governed in the Name of the Crown for the Next 20 Years
Monopoly of Trade with China and in Tea also Ended
  1. Allowed any Subject From Any Corner of British Empire could come love live eat trade die
  1. Hence, Charter Act of 1833 Legalised British Colonisation of India
  1. Also Company had no Monopoly of Trade - Hence Company was Just a Caretaker
GG of Bengal was GG of India now
GGI, all Powerful - Peak of Centralisation
4th Non Permanent but a Law Member
GGI Council = GGI + 3 + 1*( Generally Didn't Participate in Proceedings)
4th Member - was a Legal Exper
Whenever GGIC was making Legislation He acted as a member
First Such Fourth Member was MaCaulay
Hence this GGI was expected to Consolidate Law for allover British India
Law Commission, 1834
Chairman - MaCaulay - Consolidated Indian Law into 3 Parts in late 1850
CPC - Civil Procedure Code
CrPC - Criminal Procedure Code
IPC - Indian Penal Code
Hence Legislatives Powers of Madras and Bombay was Deprived
Imp Provision of Act Section 87 - Indians could be Admitted into Administration → Chose to Neglect this for Next 20 Years
in 1833, Slavery was abolished throughout British Empire except in territories of East Indian Company
but in Lieu of Abolition of Slavery - GGI had to take measure to Mitigate Slavery i.e Reduce it
Final Abolishment of Slavery In India - 1843 Abolished by
Law Commission of 1834
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
Bengal Regulation XVII to Abolish Sati, 1829
Started by
Portugese - Goa
Dutch - Chinsura
French - Pondicherry
British 1829 - British Territories
India had almost 250 Sati Temples
Ram Mohan Roy’s Campaign Against Sati, 1812
Bentick Abolished Sati in British Territories
But Sati Continued in Rajputana in 1840
Jawhar - Mass Emulation in Rajaputana
Mahalwari Settlement, 1833
Introduction by Bentick
Designing by - Holt Mackenzie & Robert Merrtings Bird
Objective
  1. Maximise Income
  1. Collective Ownership of Lands
  1. Collective Responsibility of Tax Payment
Details
  1. 66% for 25-30 Years
  1. Introduced in NWFP, Punjab, Gangetic Plains and Central India
  1. Permanent + Ryotwari = Mahalwari
Process
Basic Unit of Revenue Collection = Mahal = Village or a Group of Village
Collectively Own & Collectively Pay
If one person couldn't pay the share of his Land Revenue - Peasants Helped by Peasants or Peasants would buy it
Collected by Head of Village - Lambardar
Not a Owner of Land but a Middle Man - type of Permanent
Land was Owned by Peasants - type of Ryotwari
Schema
notion image
 
What Happened to Zamindars ?
They would pay Land Revenue Share as well if they owned land as well
Lambardars could be fired hence they were angry
Surplus was already Added to the Pre Fixed Amount in the Land Revenue Decided
Macaulay’s Minutes on Education, 1835 & Downward Filtration
Macaulay Said
notion image
Reasons - MaCaulay
  1. Cultural Sub-Jugation
  1. Needed Constant Supply of Lower Level Bureaucrats who would be
    1. Proficient in English
    2. Hold Masters i.e English in High Regard
    3. Masters Don’t Learn Language of Slaves but other wise
  1. If Indians could be Westernised - Better Market for Britishers
Downward Filtration Theory of Education
Britishers Didn't want to Spend Money
Suggested Only Educating Only Top Class People, So Lower Class could Follow
Macaualy States that Giving Education to the Members of the Higher Class of the Society would Facilitate an Opportunity for the Grass Root People of Society, too, because the lower class people alway tend to Imitate and follow the Model of the people of higher status in the society
Calcutta Medical College, 1835
Indian Medical Services IMS, 1764
The Native Medical Institution NMI, in Calcutta 1822 - Official Patronage of Indigenous Medical Learning - Unani & Ayurveda
JOHN GRANT COMMITTEE, 1833 - to report on the sate of Medical Education
First Institution in India Imparting a Systematic Education in Western Medicines
Miscellaneous Developments
  1. Raja Ram Mohan Roys visit to England and his death by Bahadur Shah
GGI - Charter Act, 1833 (5)
Metcalfe, 1835-1836
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
Press Act, 1835
  1. All Previous Press Acts were revoked
  1. Intense Period of Journalism for India - 40 Years - Flourishment of Specifically Vernacular Newspaper
  1. A Printer Publisher was to give a precise account of the premises of a publication and cease functioning if required by a Similar Declaration
  1. Liberal Press Policy was the Rapid Growth of Newspapers
  1. Hence he is called the Liberator of Indian Press
  1. Carrier of Nationalistic Sentiments in India
Auckland, 1836-1842
Political Events
Forward Policy and the Tripartite Alliance of 1838
  1. Install Friendly and Remove UnFriendly Rulers in NWFP particularly in Afghanistan
  1. Company Government in India had to take a Initiatives to protect British India’s Boundary from a Probable Russian Attack
  1. It was to ve achieved either through treaties with the neighbouring countries or by annexing them completely
  1. Approached Britishers for Help - Said No ; Dost Mohammaed Approached Russian for Help → Enemy of Britishers
  1. Tripartite - Meaning Three Parties
    1. British Company
    2. Ranjeet Singh
    3. Shah Shuja - Ex Ameer of Afghanistan - DeThroned by Afghan Tribe ; was living as a British Pensioner in Ludhiana
  1. Britishers wanted to defeat Dost Mohd Khan but for that
    1. Britishers Troop had to Pass via Sindh or Punjab
    2. For Punjab Ranjeet Singh Denied Passage
    3. Sindhs Ameer - Char Yaar - Britishers Meet - Ranjeet Singh had planned attack on Sindh - this was told - Char Yaar were forced to hence sign a Subsidiary Alliance
    4. Now Foreign Policy was in Hands of Britishers Hence Troops Passed through Sindh Reached Afghan ans Started War
First Afghan War (1839-1842) - Disaster for British - Started
  1. Dost Mohammed Defeated in 1840
  1. Dost Mohammed Exiled to East Indies
  1. Shah Shuja Installed & attempt to Modernise Afgahnistan
  1. Tribes Revolted - British Defeated Badly
  1. Auckland asked by COD to Resign and Called Back
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
Agra Famine (1837-18380
  1. 8 Lakh People Perished
  1. Reasons
    1. Drought in Gangetic Planes
    2. Rampant Exploitation of Peasants due to Mahalwari System
Miscellaneous Development
Bahadur Shah II became Mughal Emperor in 1837
Ranjit SIngh Died in 1839 and Political Chaos and Confusion in Punjab
Ellenborough, 1842-1844
Political Developments
First Afghan War (1839-1842) - Ended
  1. He Stopped First Anglo Afghan War by Re Installing Dost Mohammed Khan again
  1. Hence in Start and End - Dost Mohammed was Ameer
  1. Hence Disaster for Britishers
  1. Afghanistan is Called GraveYard of Empires - Afghanis Defeated British, English & America and many more
  1. Masters of People Defeated by Tribals. To Satisfy there Ego, Ellenborough Asked to Occupy Sindh under Subsidiary Alliance
Conquest of Sindh by Charles Napier in 1843
  1. Done under Subsidiary Alliance
  1. Apprehension within Subsidiary Alliance Kingdom
  1. Scindia motivated by Afghan, Scindias wanted to Revolt
War With Gwalior, 1843
  1. Ruler : Jankoji Rao Scindia Dies 1843
  1. Son : Jayaji Rao Scindia - At time he was a Young Kid, He was supposed to become a Subsidiary Ruler
  1. Before he could become a Ruler, Scinidas in Gwalior Revolted - Resulted in 2 Battles
  1. Hugh Gough - Battle of Maharajpur, 1843 - Brilliant Military Commander
  1. John Grey - Battle of Punniyar, 1843
  1. When Revolt of 1857 - he was Subsidiary Ruler of Gwalior - Jiyaji Rao Scindia was approached by Rani Laxmibai and Tantya Tope - He Didn't Help Rebel Leaders - Instead he Escaped
  1. Some British Commanders say that had he helped Rebels in 1857, outcome would have been different
Socio Economic & Cultural Development
Abolition of Slavery in the Company Territories, 1843
Now they needed Labourers who would work as slaves
Indentured / Contractual Labours - Abolished in 1917
  1. Promise of High Cost for Contract Labour - One Becomes Contractual Labour - Heavy Exploitation
  1. By Manipulating Terms and Conditions - Reason for Exploitation
  1. Hence 25 Lac Indians were sent to different parts of the world in Tea and Coffee in South East Asia until Carribean
  1. Abolished in 1917 during times of Chelmsford
  1. The Indian Indenture System was a System of Indenture a form of Debt Bondage, As Many as 3.5 Millions Indians were transported to various colonies of Europeans powers to Bondage Labour, nain for sugar plantation
  1. It STarted from the end of Slavery in 1833 and resultes in the dveelopmetn of large indians disapora in trhe caaribean antal SOuth Africa East AFrica Reunion Island Marutuius Sri Lanka Malaysia Myanmaar and Fiji
  1. It led to growth of indo carribean Indo African INdo Fijian INdoa Laysian and INdo singaporean populaiosn
  1. Tjis system was encouraged in india nin the 1840 to develope tea planatation
  1. it was officialy nanned in 1917 by brishe indias imperial legistaltive council after pressure from freefom fighter iek mk gandhi
Hardinge I, 1844-1848
Political Events
First Anglo Sikh War, (1845-1846) & Treaty of Lahore, 1846
  1. Death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 plunged Punjab into Chaos
  1. Succeeded by Son Karak Singh - Killed in a Court Conspiracy in a Year 1840
  1. Was Supposed to be Succeeded by His Son - NavNihal Singh
  1. After Ritual - He was returning to Palace OTW Bridge Fell on Him He Died in 1840
  1. Another Son of Ranjit Singh Sher Singh became Emperor in 1840 - Killed by His Ministers in 1843 by His Court
  1. Successor of Ranjit Singh was Another Son of Ranjit Singh -Duleep Singh ; he was Young ; His Regent was : Rani Jindan Kaur ; He Ruled from 1843-1849
  1. Even then they were Strong ; Second Best Military ; Friendship with Britishers
  1. He wanted to remove the final formidable power i.e Sikh ; but couldn't initiate a War because previous GG were called due to war
  1. He Called British Army → on the Southern Banks of River ; Appeared that Britishers were gonna Invade Punjab ; Hence Duleep Singh marched army across Sutlej ; Violating Treaty of Amritsar ; Hence Hardinge 1 Started war with Sikhs
  1. Sikhs Lost Easily ; because of Traitors → Treaty of Lahore, 1846
    1. Lal Singh - Prime Minister
    2. Tej Singh - Military Command
    3. Ghulab Singh - Feudatory of Cashmere
  1. First Anglo Sikh war was SYNONYMOUS to Battle of Plassey
Treaty of Lahore
  1. Duleep Singh was to Remain Maharaja & Jindan Kaur as His Regent
  1. Huge War Indemnity of Rs 1 Crore
  1. The Sikh Territories were divided into 3 Parts -
    1. Territories between the Beas & Sutlej including Doab to the British
    2. Kashmir Sold to Ghulab Singh (Dogra Dynasty) for 75 Lacs
    3. Rest Remained with Duleep
  1. The Sikh Military Strength was reduced
  1. Henry Lawrence was appointed by the British Resident to Sikh Court
  1. Treaty of Bahirowal, 1846 (Sending Rani Jindan Kaur to Exile in East India) & Council of Regency by Henry Lawrence → Council was Pro Britisher → Which Kept Duleep Singh in Check
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
Prohibition of Female Infanticide
Suppression of Human Sacrifices amongst tribal people of North India
Dalhousie, 1848-1856 - VVIMP
  1. Actual Name : James Andrew Ramsay
Political Events
Doctrine of Lapse
  1. The British Rulers before Dalhousie generally avoided Annexing friendly Indian States (Subsidiary States) unless it was absolutely necessary.
  1. But Dalhousie (under influence of COD) made it a Policy to annexe Indian Subsidiary States using Doctrine of Lapse, citing various other REASONS
  1. According to “Doctrine of Lapse”, an Adopted Son of an Indian Subsidiary Ruler could inherit the Personal Property of his Foster Father but couldn't claim the right to succeed to his Throne
  1. it was for the Paramount Power (British) to decide whether to bestow Kinship on Adopted Son or Not ?
  1. Dalhousie wanted to Finish Quest of M Hastings - What Hastings Initiated (Paramountcy Policy) Dalhousie made Britishers Paramount
Annexations
  1. Annexation of Satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagpur & Awadh (For MisGovernance)
Example of Jhansi
  1. King : Ganga Dhar Rao
  1. Queen : Laxmi Bai
  1. Son : Damodar - Died as Infant
  1. Adopted a Son
    1. Original Name ; Anant Rao
    2. ReNamed as : Damodar Rao
  1. King Health Failed, on Deathbed by 1853 ; before he dies agents of company promised that his adopted son would succeed to throne. Believing this he died peacefully
  1. After his Death ; Dalhousie Annexed Jhansi in 1853 ; Hence Rani Laxmi Bai Participated in Revolt of 1857
Example of Awadh
  1. Nawab : Wajid Ali Shah
  1. Wife : Hazrat Mahal
  1. Son : Brijis Qadir
  1. BKG : Awadh was friendly State of Britisher from 1765
  1. Nawabs, Soldier → Proud of Friendship of British
  1. In Fact - 1/3 Soldier of Britishers = from Awadh
  1. Dalhousie felt Wajid Ali Shah - Was Mismanaging Economic Affairs
  1. in 1856 he announced Annexation of Awadh on Economic Crisis - He Didn't even Tried Brijis Qadir
  1. Annexation was a Rude Shock to Ruling Family, Nobles, Soldiers of Awadh in British Army Resentful ;
  1. Hazrat Mahal participated in 1857
Pension of Nana Saheb - Adopted Son of Nana Saheb Stopped
Hence he Participated in 1857 too
Second Sikh War (1848-1849) - Read from Handout
Basics
  1. New Regent : Fredrick Curry & Council of Regency
  1. Increased Land Revenue & Mulraj’s Protest
  1. Three Party : Kahan Singh, Van Agnew & Anderson
  1. Battles of Ram Nagar, Chillhanwala & Gujarat
  1. Sikh Defeat & Surrender in Rawalpindi
  1. Hugh Gough - Military Supremacy
  1. Treaty of Lahore, 1849
End Results
  1. Rani Jindan to England
  1. Duleep Singh to England - Exiled to England for Higher Studies (Lighter Note)
  1. Lost All Empire and Phases
Second Anglo Burman War (1852)
  1. Happened due to 3 Reasons - British Commercial Greed
    1. British Commercial Greed
    2. Timber Wealth of TeakWood of Burma
    3. Expansion of Market - In Burma ; From Burma to South East Asia
  1. King : King Pagan
  1. Access to South East Asia
  1. King Pagan Defeated
  1. Rangoon & Pegu Annexed
  1. British Control over Lower Burma
  1. Burma Hence Became a Land Locked Country
    1. First War : Tenasserim & Arakan
    2. Second War : Pegu & Rangoon
Administrative Developments
Charter Act of 1853 - Pending to Add Points
  1. No Guarantee Regarding Continuance of Company’s Rule
  1. COD Re Constituted - 18 Directors
  1. Law Member Earlier - NP ; Now Permanent
  1. Role of Law Member Earlier = Indian Legislative Council → 6 Additional Members (
    1. GG asked to make Law → in Confidence with GG
    2. Final Power/Discretion to GG
    3. Relatively Powerless Members
    4. Some of this Member could be Indians Too ; Indian Appointments into Membership was Political
  1. Parliamentary Ideas Introduced → { For the First Time Attempted separation of Legislature and Executive }
  1. A Civil Service Commission was to be Appointed to decide future of Civil Service
    1. As per the Provision ; Commission was made in 1854 ; President was Macaulay
    2. Commission of Macaulay said that :
    3. He Recommended Free and Competitive Examination for Civil Services
    4. Ending COD Privilige over CS was Macaulay Decision not Charters Act
Central Public Works Department, 1854
Socio Economic & Cultural Developments
Introduction of Railways, 1853
  1. First Railway in 1833 in Red Hills, Madras - Experimental - Transporting Goods
  1. First Official Railway Connected - Bombay and Thane - Transporting Passengers
  1. Considerable Expansion in 50 Years - Not for Indians but Motives
    1. Trade - Ports Connected to Market & Vice Versa + Market to Source of Raw Materials
    2. Administration - Communication was Easily
    3. Strategic - Could Mobilise Troops Easily
  1. Within 50 Years - 40,000 KM
    1. 1850 - 100KM, 1880 - 17000 KM, 1900 - 40,000 KM
British Economic Policy wrt India
Period of Mercantilism, (Mid 18th Century to 1813)
  1. Direct Loot & Plunder
Period of Free Trade / Lassies Faire (1813 - Mid 19th Century)
  1. Promoting one way free trade between India and England
  1. Export of Indian Finished Goods to England - DISCOURAGED
  1. Import of British Industrial Textile to India ENCOURAGED ( All Most Tax Free)
  1. India Exported Raw Materials
  1. India had Negative Balance of Trade
  1. India Became Economic Colony
Period of Finance Imperialism / Scientific Exploitation (Mid 19th Century - Independence)
  1. Due to First IR, British Capitalist had Loads of Money
  1. British Capitalist were encouraged to invest this money in India for which Govt Promised Guaranteed Returns
  1. Hence British Capital Started Dominating Indian Economy
  1. One Expression of Financial Imperialism - Indian Railways
Postal & Telegraph Department, 1854 by Indian Post Officr Act, 1854
Military and Provincial Postal Services Existed
Soldiers were given Free Postal Services
Hence Post was not new to India
Dalhousie - Centralisation of Indian Postal Services
Uniform Postal Rates - 0.5 Ana / Letter
TELEGRAPH, 1854
First Model Telegraph Between - Diamond Harbour and Calcutta
Later Telegraph was Established Between
Calcutta Agra
Calcutta Madras
Calcutta Bombay
Calcutta Peshawar
Calcutta & England - 1870 via Red Sea Under Water Cables
** With this Act Indian Soldiers Lost there free Postal Services and Hence had to Pay which was quite costly according to that time. Hence INGREDIENT 2
Woods Dispatch, 1854
President of Board of Control
He Sent a Letter to Dalhousie - Called Woods Dispatch
Charles Woods Letter is Called Magna Carta of Indian Education System - He told “Downward Filtration Theory had Failed” - Govt Should Take Action
 
He Suggested
  1. An Educational Department was to be Set in Every Province
  1. Universities on the Model of London Universities be established in Big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras
  1. At Least One Govt School be Opened in Every District
  1. Affiliated Private Schools should be Given Grand in Aid
  1. The Indian Natives should be given training in their mother tongue too
  1. Division of Medium of Languages
    1. Primary Education - Vernacular
    2. Secondary Education - Anglo Vernacular
    3. Higher Education - Englsih
Ganges Canal, 1854 - Proby Cautley
Network of Gangetic Canals happened between 1852-1854
Used for Agriculture and Navigation
Length was 500 KM ; Starting from Modern Day Haridwar
Length including both Sub Canals and Mains - 40,000 KM
Abolition of Human Sacrifices
Amongst Tribals in Central Odisha, Orissa and Madarsa
Abolition of Female Infanticide
Amongst Upper Caste People & in Rajputana
Religious Disabilities Act, 1856
Enabled Hindu Converts to Christanity to Inherit Ancestral Property
Hindu Widow Re Marriages Act, 1856
Legalized Hindu Widow Re Marriages in India
  1. Orthodox Section of Society Participated in Revolt because they were angry due to last two provision above - INGREDIENT 3
Maximum Territorial Extent was reached in Times of Dalhousie
  1. 60% Territory - Direct Control
  1. 40% Territory - InDirect Control - Generally by Subsidiary Alliance
Miscellaneous Developments
  1. Father of Indian Railways
  1. Father of Indian Industrial Revolution
  1. Added with Charter Act, 1853 Provisions he is also Called - MAKER OF MODERN INDIA
Cannings, 1856-1858
No Categorisation only Important Events
General Services Enlistment Act, 1856 - INGREDIENT 4
South Indians didn't primarily had Kala Paani Taboo
North Indian Army of Britishers was Pre Dominantly - Upper Caste Hindus cuz Kala Paani Taboo
Meant for Fresh Recruits
  1. It Required Recruits to the Bengal Army to Accept a commitment for General Service. They were required to serve overseas if ordered
  1. Also the Soldiers were required to provide services in areas from their homes without any additional payments
  1. The Brahmin Soldiers Saw in it a Defamation to their caste as they considered it a taboo for a Brahmin to cross the Sea. As a result they were angry with Britishers
Revolt of 1857 & its Suppression
Government of India Act, 1858 - Abolition of Companies Rule, 1858
 
Mid Phase → Reaction - Resistance - Result (1857)
Reaction - Subtle - Socio Religious Reform Movements (SRRM)
By Products of British Rule in India
  1. Spread of Modern Education & Increasing Awareness - we started comparing ourselves with other world
  1. Reaction Against Spread of Christianity
  1. Rediscovery of Indian Past - Association with India Proud Identity - Which Meant Changing Religious Status Quo of Present
  1. Rising Tide of Nationalism also contributed to Socio Religious Forms
SRRM Condition at times of British
All Social Evils had origins in Caste System
Backward Looking Societal Setup - Caste System & Inequalities - You Can Change Nationality but not Cast
 
Inhuman Practises in Indian Society
  1. Female Infanticide
  1. Purdah System
  1. Dowry
  1. Child Marriage
  1. Polygamy
  1. Sati
  1. Plight og Widows
  1. Inequalities against women - Education Employment, inheritance, marriage & divorce
Superstitious Beliefs & Complex Rituals - Exploitation of the masses by upper caste people
Lower caste was easy to Manipulate - Cuz Illiterate - At time of Independence Literacy Rate was ___
Illiteracy & lack of Modern Education - Woods Dispatch - Downward Filtration Theory had Failed
Britishers Heavily criticised Indian System - To justify their rule in India
Some Woke Indians - Started Reacting Against Britishers
Socio Religious - Change the Socity by Changing religion because inherent evil was practised from religion
SRRM Factors Responsible
  1. Presence of Colonial Govt in India
  1. Condition of Indian Society
  1. Increasing Western Criticism - White Mans Burden served as Justification for British Rule in India - Racial Arrogance
  1. Consciousness of Defeat by Foreign Power
    1. It was more hurtful because it was specifically by rulers
SRRM Some Facts
Reformist (Reason & Conscience) v/s Revivalist Movements (Tradition)
REFORMIST - BRAHMO, PRARTHANA, ALIGARH - FORWARD MOVEMENTS
  1. Example : Sati is not in Keeping with Modern Humanitarian Value ; By Raja Ram Mohan Roy
  1. RRMR - He Relied on Vedas, but was Rationale ; Like idea of Love of Christianity ; Rationale was at centre point
REVIVALIST - ARYA SAMAJ, THEOSOPHICAL, DEOBAND - BACKWARD MOVEMENTS
  1. Dayanand Saraswati - He said Religion at source was pure, now impure ; Hence come back to Vedas that is Original
SUMMARY
  1. Every Religion would have a Reformer & a Revivalist
SRRM Trends
Reforms from WITHIN
  1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy & Brahmo Samaj
Reforms through LEGISLATIONS
  1. Bentick - Sati Abolished - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
  1. Dalhousie - Widow Remarriage Act - Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Reform through SYMBOLS OF CHANGE
  1. Young Bengal Movement - Initiated by Henry Vivian - Professor in Calcutta Hindu College - He Inspired his students to think along modern lines of European thoughts - Discarded Indian Religion Completely - Short Lived Movement
Reform through SOCIAL WORK - Most Efficient One
  1. Swami Vivekananda - Ramkrishna Mission - Social Work at Centre of Stage
SRRM Summary
notion image
SRRM General Nature
  1. Reformation (Goal) not Revolutionist - Forward Looking
  1. Revivalist Tendencies - Couldn't be avoided
    1. Problem is talking about Glory of Ancient Past
    2. Each Religion had its own past of Glory - Hence chances for coming of Communal Sentiments in India
  1. Removal of Social Evils - Most Initiatives helped in Removal of Social Evils
  1. Urban Phenomenon - Most Reformers were from Cities & their followers were in Cities - Hence no Proper Organisational Structure or takers in Rural Villages - Where it was needed most because of more stringent orthodox sentiments in Village
SRRM Limitations
  1. Generally Localised & Isolated - No All India Character
    1. RRMY - in Bengal
    2. Other Reformers with Similar Vision were Separated by Space and Time
  1. Lack of Unity & Sound Organisation
  1. Overemphasis on Religion
  1. Tendency to Look Back - Revivalist Tendencies
  1. Neglect of Medieval Indian History - By Scholars, Historian was also neglected due to Communal Sentiments
  1. Constrained by Limitations Inherent to a Colonial Society - Britishers only allowed those changes which were beneficial to them
  1. Inability to Perceive the Exploitative Nature of British Rule
SRRM Significance
  1. Cleansing of Religion & Society - Caste System began to lose its hold
  1. Spread of Education - Particularly Education of Women
  1. Regained Confidence - Self Respect and Pride
  1. Rise of Rationale Middle Class with Modern Outlook - Most National Leaders Emerged from this Class
  1. New Values of Secularism & Democracy became Centre Stage, Imbibed into Minds of India, Enshrined in Constitution
  1. SRRM had a Limited but a CERTAIN Impact on People & Nation
  1. Hence they are also Called “Prelude to the Rights of Nationalistic Sentiments in India”
Hence Socio Religious Reform Movements in India are called as Pre Political Phase of National Movement OR { Prelude to Nationalistic Sentiments in India }
Violent - Various Uprising & Tribal Movements
Resistance - Violent - Before 1857 & During Companies Rule
Basic Cultivation
  1. REBELLION - implies an open formidable resistance that is often unsuccessful
  1. UPRISING - implies a brief, limited and often immediately ineffective rebellion
  1. REVOLUTION - applies to a successful rebellion resulting in a major change
  1. REVOLT & INSURRECTION - imply an armed uprising that quickly failed or succeeds
  1. MUTINY - applies to group insubordination or insurrection especially against military authority
The Indian Resistance
  1. Establishment of British Rule - Slow Gradual Process Involving Wars and Conquests
    1. In this Process they had defeated and cheated many Indian Rulers - Subjugated Indian Rulers - Didn't Like British Attitude
  1. Forceful Subjugation of Indians - Resented & Resisted at Every Stage
  1. Rapid Changes by the British (Bureaucratic) - Adverse Impact on Various Aspects of Indian Life
  1. Two Fold Reaction - SRRM & Popular Uprisings
  1. First Expression of Protest against the Oppressive Foreign Rule
  1. Multitude of Uprisings - Civil Uprisings, Tribal Uprisings, Peasant Movements
Causes of the Pre 1857 Uprisings
Deposition of Native Rulers & Ruling Class
  1. By Fraud and Cheat
  1. Mysore, Maratha & Sikh Wars - Subsidiary Alliance Policy of Paramountcy & Doctrine of Lapse
Impoverishment of Scholarly & Priestly Class
  1. Priestly & Scholarly Class list their jobs and Positions in the Royal Courts
  1. Offended by Christianity and British Interference in Indian Religions
Exploitation & Impoverishment of Peasants
Due to Atrocious land Revenue Settlement of Britishers
Ruin of Indian Handloom and Handicraft Industries
  1. Destruction of the very economic factory of India
  1. Making India an Economic Colony of Britain - Rural Economy was Ruined
  1. Brits Destroyed Self Sufficient Economy of India
Destruction of Village Economy
  1. Famous for Brilliant Quality & Cheap Cost
  1. During Greater Mughals & Lower Mughals - Indian Textiles Dominated Europe
  1. Britishers wanted to stop this, they exposed heavy taxes on Export - High Tariff Policy
  1. Foreign Market Trade Stopped - High Tariff
  1. Local Market
      2. Contractual Transactions & Spot Transactions
      1. Loss of Royal Patronage due to Deposing of Ruler who gave order earlier
      1. Now he took it to Local Market - where was British Saree which was much cheaper
      1. One way free trade - British Import Encouraged + Indian Export Discouraged
      1. Weaver - Lost Livelihood - Also the Cotton Maker & Forest Produce was ruined
      1. Now Cotton Seller - Started exporting to British, British Started making more Cheap Clothes and selling in India
      1. More and More Tried Entering Agriculture - Pressure on Agricultural Land Increased + Indian Agri Gamble on Monsoon
      notion image
Summary
 
Tribals Losing Hold Over Agricultural & Forest Land
  1. Most Tribals practise Shifting/Jhoom Cultivation
  1. Britishers wanted to Collect more land revenue, hence they were expanding zameendar land, hence tribal forest came in to use, tribals lost their forest
  1. Britishers introduced use of Reserved Forest - Particularly for Railways - Prevented tribal access to forest
  1. Also they were trying spread of Christianity within Tribals
Colonial Nature of Company’s Rule
  1. Highhandedness
  1. Racial Policies
  1. Economic Exploitation
Popular Uprisings
Civil Uprisings
Tribal Uprisings
Peasant Uprisings
Nature of the Popular Uprisings
  1. Aim to overthrow immediate oppressors
  1. Keen Ness to restore past conditions
  1. Socio Political Consciousness - Uproot the Political Source of Exploitation
  1. Popular Characters - Local People for Local Problems
    1. Characterised by Law & Order Problem → Transformed to Popular Uprisings
  1. Local Leadership
  1. Regional Extent - No Pan India Coverage of Uprisings
  1. Drew Strength from Ethnic Ties - Language Religion or Tribal Identity
  1. Unequal Nature of Warfare - hence could have been easily suppressed by British - Uprisings were not a Military Match to British
Limitation of Pre 1857 Uprisings
  1. Local Grievances
  1. Localised and Isolate - Separated by Space and Time - Not Coherent
  1. Traditional Outlook - Centuries old in form, ideology/cultural content
  1. No National Impulse or Common Efforts
  1. Pacification of Leaders by British through Concessions
  1. Indian War Fare was Outdated - Arms & Strategies Old
  1. Failed to Overthrow British Rule / Foreign Rule
Significance of Pre 1857 Uprisings
  1. First Expression of Protest against colonial rule
  1. Strong Tradition of Resistance to British Rule
  1. Prelude to the Watershed Revolt of 1857
  1. Served as huge inspiration during the National Movement
 
Result - Revolt of 1857
Prelude
notion image
Revolution v/s Revolt
  1. Revolution
    1. Rapid Significant & a Permanent Change in existing way of life
    2. Can be Political, Economic, Administrative etc
  1. Revolt
    1. Armed Uprising Particularly Against Government
Outline - Revolt of 1857 - “Red Lotus” Symbol of Revolt
Causes of the Revolt (PAE SEMI)
Political Causes
The Greedy Policy of Aggrandisement followed by Britishers
  1. To conquer as much territory as possible
  1. Wellesley’s - Subsidiary Alliance
  1. Hastings - Policy of Paramountcy - Policy of War & Intervention
Humiliation of Mughals
  1. Mughals made puppets of British Rulers - Shah Alam, Akbar II , Bahadur Shah Zafar
  1. Company Demanding Equal Treatment as Mughal Emperor - During time of Akbar II
  1. Heir Apparent of Bahadur Shah - Fakhruddin ; in Early 1850 Dalhousie promised Fakhruddin, that he would be emperor after Bahadur Shah Zafar
  1. Same year Canings became general - Fakhruddin Died in 1856, Next Heir Apparent was Mirza Mughal - who wanted confirmation from Canings on his emperorship
  1. Canning added to the Fuel
    1. Emperor wouldn't call himself an emperor
    2. they couldn't live in their palace
Dalhousie - Doctrine of Lapse
  1. Made a Point that states were annexed
Broken Pledges & Promises
  1. Nana Saheb - Maratha Confederacy
  1. Rani Laxmi Bai - Jhansi
  1. Begum Mahal - Awadh
Dethroned Rulers, Dependency on British, Collapse of Aristocracy
Admin Causes
Unsympathetic Administrators and their Policies
  1. European System in India not for welfare of India but for Exploitation of Indians
Oppressive Police Force & Their Atrocities
  1. European Police with unlimited Power had become an Oppressive arm of an state
Judiciary 1 - Bitter taste of Rule of Law
PROBLEM 1
  1. Sympathetic towards upper caste/priestly caste - Preferential Treatment by Law
  1. Shudra Penny from Brahmin - Capital Punish && Brahmin Murder - No Capital Punishment
  1. Upper Caste has sense of Superiority over Lower until British
  1. Now Brahmins were considered second class by British
Judiciary 2 - Costly & time consuming judiciary
Rampant Corruption in British Administration
  1. Especially at Lower Level
  1. Corruption in India is a Legacy of British Rule
Racial Discrimination against Indians in Administrative Positions
Alien Nature of the British Rule - Absentee Sovereignty of British Crown
Economic Causes
“The britishers had destroyed traditional economic fabric of India”
Conditions of Peasants & Zamindars
  1. Atrocious Land Revenue Settlements & Unprofitable Agriculture
  1. Dispossession of Zamindars
  1. Impoverishment of Peasantry
Conditions of Trading Class
  1. Promotion of one way free trade
  1. Indian Lost their Land and Foreign Markets
  1. No Protection / Support to Indian Industries - Deindustrialisation
Conditions of Artisans & Handicraftsman
  1. Lost Major source of Patronage
  1. Loss of Livelihood
  1. Lack of Alternate Sources of Employment except agriculture
Summary
  1. Heavy Taxations & Evictions
  1. Discriminatory Tariff Policy against Indian Products
  1. Destruction of Traditional Handicrafts - HIT peasants, Artisans & Small Zamindars
  1. Made Nature of Economic Colony - Dominance of British Capitalist who became rich due to Industrialisation controlled British Parliament
  1. we were made Exporter of Raw Material and Importer of Finished Goods
  1. India Turned into a Colonial Economy to Serve the British Capitalist Interests
Socio Cultural Causes
  1. British Policy of Social Exclusiveness - Sense of Racial Superiority - Administration with Racial Overtones
  1. Racial Superiority - Racial Arrogance - White Mans Burden - Dogs and Indians are not allowed
  1. Encouragement to Missionary Activities and Religious Conversions
  1. Support of British to Socio Religious Reforms
    1. Hindu Widow Re Marriage Act, 1856
    2. Abolition of Sati, 1829
  1. The Social Legislations on the Evils as Sati, Infanticide, Re Marriage of Widows etc were considered as interference in religion
External Causes
  1. Reverse Losses suffered by the British were confidence boosters to Indians
  1. Examples
    1. First Anglo Afghan War, 1839-42
    2. Anglo SIkh War, 1845-49
      3. Crimean Wars, 1854-56
      Religious War b/w Turkey (Britain, France) & Russia
      Turkey Winner & Russia Defeated
      Britain also victorious - During War British Army was almost decimated by Russians, British Troops involved in Russia became free in 1856, Soldiers in Crimean War were sent to India to suppress the Revolt of 1857
Military Causes
  1. Long History of Military Uprisings
    1. Mutinies and Uprisings were not new - Generally Due to - Issue of Payments & Religious Sentiments
    2. Brutally Suppressed : Vellore & Barrackpore Mutiny
  1. Indian Soldiers in companies army were not happy → Discriminated in Matters of Position, Promotion and Salaries & Allowances
    1. Position - Indian Soldier wouldn't be promoted above Subedar ; this also would take him long time
    2. Salary - Served Double Work & Paid 1/3 Less Money
    3. Allowances - General Service Enlistment Act removed bhatta from the Foreign Deploys
  1. Before Dalhousie - Post Office Act 1854 took away postal privileges
  1. Hence, Conditions of the Service in the Army, Religious Sentiments were generally hurt by many means
  1. As Indian Soldiers helped britishers in expanding their territory → Missionary Activities within and with the Help of Army → Offended Indian Soldiers
  1. Annexation of Awadh - was shock to Indian Soldiers as 1/3 of army in eastern command was from Awadh Army.
  1. Indian Soldier, a Peasant in Uniform - Originally people in Army had peasant roots - their family and friends were being exploited by britishers - Army started asking questions
Immediate Causes
  1. Introduction of Enfield Rifle in January 1857
  1. When Ammunition was to be loaded in Rifle, Greased Paper Cartridge had to be beaten off
  1. This Greased Cartridge contained Cow & Pig Fat for prevention from Water Damage was the problem
  1. Protest Started in February 1857
Major Events & Course - Initial
Beginning and Spread of the Revolt
  1. Introduction of Enfield Rifle - January 1857
  1. Disaffection with the British Increased
  1. 19th Native Infantry 34th Native Infantry - Mangal Pandey 07th Awadh Regiment All Infantry was Disbanded
  1. Started in Feb 1857, by May 1857 Climax was reached
Meerut Episode - 3rd Native Cavalry - 9th May 1857
  1. 85 Soldiers Refused to use the rifle
  1. Military Court ordered prison for 10 years
  1. Next Day - Friends of these soldiers attacked Britishers, freed 85 soldiers
  1. Started Marching towards Delhi from Meerut
Revolt Began as a Sepoy Mutiny - 10th May 1857
“It is said that, Revolt Started with a Humble Beginning in the form of Sepoy Mutiny due to religious reasons”
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Why Did Soldiers march to Delhi ?
  1. Soldiers went to Delhi, Killed British Residents
  1. Bahadur Shah was persuaded and convinced to lead Indian Uprising
  1. Soldiers declared him emperor of India
  1. Bahadur Shah started writing to rulers → to form a Confederacy of Indian Rulers against britishers
  1. BSZ was a Nominal Leader → Actual Control was in hands of Court of Administration = 6 Military + 4 Civilians
  1. Prominent Personality was Bakht Khan
Two Unique Developments
  1. Expression of Profound Mughal Loyalty inspite of Mughals being weak
  1. Hindu Muslim Unity during revolt - Revolt under banner of muslim rulers and supported by Hindus - Common Enemy
    1. To Promote Hindu Muslim Unity - Cow Slaughter was banned in territory controlled by Rebellions
Supporters of British Rule
  1. Educated Middle Class
  1. Lower Class
  1. Social and Religious Reformers
  1. Zamindars and Money Lenders
Storm Centres and Course
Summary
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Baghpat
Shah Mal
Delhi
  1. Bahadur Shah Zafar
    1. Nominal Leader
    2. Couldnt be kileed - Other Indian Rulers would be angered and united, he being in delhi was a threat. Hence he was exiled
  1. General Bakht Khan
    1. Escaped and died in 1857
  1. Court of Administration
    1. To Promote Hindu Muslim Unity , Cow Sluaghter Banned
  1. Delhi was under seige for 4 to 5 months
    1. Willoughby & Nicholson - Atteempted and Failed
    2. Hudson Finally Defated control of Delhi and established command on 20th Septemeber 1857
    3. Bahadur Shah Sons were shot dead
    4. BSZ was not killed but imprisoned, later BSZ was trailled, found guilty and exiled to Rangoon on account of sedition againt britishers
    5. In Rangoon he died as a No Body in 1862
Kanpur
  1. People
    1. Nana Saheb
    2. Tatya Tope
  1. When Recieved BSZ Letter, He Declared himself as Peshwa and Killed the Regent
  1. British Attempts for getting kanpur back had failed, Hence Britishers Sent Crimean War Commnader in Chief - Collin Campbell was sent to India
  1. Collin Campbell Captured Kanpur in December 1857
  1. Nana Saheb Escaped to Nepal ; Last Detail Known ; Story Ends Obscurly there
  1. Tatya Tope escaped to Central Indian Forests
Lucknow
  1. People
    1. Begum Hazrat Mahal
    2. Birjis Qadir
  1. Lawrence, Inglis, Havelock, Outram were defeted by Britishers
  1. CC finally captured lucknow
  1. Begum Hazrat Mehal Escpaed to Nepal
Bareilly
  1. Khan Bahadur - wanted to become Independent Ruler of Bengal
  1. Defated by Colin Campbell
  1. Khan Bahadur espced to Nepal
  1. Later Khana Bahadur was Imprisoned by British and Brought back to India ; was executed by British in 1860
Bihar
  1. Kunwar Singh - Ex Zameendar of Jagdishpur Participated with Amar Singh (His Brother)
  1. Place : Arah
  1. Kunwar Singh was 80 Years Old - Inspite of Age, he showed courage
  1. Kunwar Singh in Battle - Hand Bullet - Hand Cut - Self Wound - Didnt die in Battle
  1. Due to Battlefield Injury, he died at his Palace
Faizabad
  1. Maulvi Ahmadullah - Best Military Expert ; he constantly outwitted the British ; British were not able to defeat nor capture him
  1. Wage Jihad Against spread of Christanity in India
  1. Hence bounty of Rs 50000 Silver Coin was put on hin
  1. Raja Jagannath Singh/Rao invited Maulvi for meetign in his place Powayan
  1. As he was going to enter the Palace ; Maulvi was killed in June 1858
  1. Raja Jagannath Rao was a Traitor
Jhansi
  1. Rani Laxmi Bai
  1. Started Rebelling in 1858 ; Hugh Rose captured jhansi in early 1858
  1. Escpaed Jhansi with Damodar Rao ; Wandering in Forests of Central India
  1. She accidentaly met Tantya Tope ; They united forces and went to Gwalior to get help from Sidhyas - Jiaji Rao Scindia ; But Jiaji Rao Scindia didnt help britshers ; he didnt help them ; he escaped and went to agra under british
  1. No Help from Scindia ; they were defated in Battle of Gwalior ; Hugh Rose said had he helped revolt of 1957 would have been different
  1. Tantya Tope escaped again to Central India Forest ; Rani Died a Death of Soldier in June 1858
  1. Hugh Rose : said she was the only man amongst all Indian Leaders
Banaras
  1. Revolt Started in May, 1857 & was almost supressed by June, 1858
  1. A Civil Uprising occured again in Banaras under Maulvi Liyaqat Ali a Sporadic One ; Supressed by James Neil
  1. Eastern UP was most affected Place during revolt ; 1.5 Lac people were killed ; 1 Lac casuality were civilians ; Hence General Again prevailed in people.
Failure of the Revolt & Outcome
Localised and No All India Participation - Some Sporadic Examples beyond this Place around UP & Bihar
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All Classes of Indian Society Didn't Participate in Revolt
  1. PB Zameendars
  1. Middle Class
  1. PB Indian Rulers - Scindias
It was from help of Indian Soldiers, Britishers suppressed the Revolt
  1. Sikhs - Punjab
  1. Pathans - NWFP
  1. Gurkha - Nepal
  1. South Indians were Loyal to british too
  1. They helped becasue they lacked Nationalist Sentiments ; India didnt exist at that time
  1. Awadhis Soldiers were Loyal and
Medieval Arms and Equipments not a Military Match
  1. What weapons were used by Indians on British - Enfield Rifle
  1. Implying that Introduction of Enfield was not the real reason but the accumulated anger of Indians towards British
  1. Even if Enfield Rifle was introduced or not a Major uprising was bound to happen in the middle of 19th century
Uncoordinated & Poorly Organised - No Unified Ideology of Rulers
  1. BSZ - No Choice
  1. Maulvi - Jihad
  1. Nana Saheb - to be Peshwa
  1. Begum - Awadh
  1. Khaan Bahdur - Ruler of Rohil Khand
  1. Kunwar Singh - State Confiscated
  1. Laxmi Bai - Doctrine of Lapse
  1. Multiple Reasons - Common Enemy - Geogrpahical Seperation - Technical and Communication Limitation - Coorindation Cirumstantial
Absence of Modern Nationalistic Sentiments
  1. Lets Assume - Revolt of 1857 was succesfull - Britishers were out of Picture - Internal Enmity would have risen
  1. Would the British Gone - Modern Education & Means would be introduced by Indians ?
Nature of the Revolt
💡
Analogy : Ane Kanndavada - Argument after seeing an Elephant
Tusk Diamond : Nose Python : Leg Pillar : Tail Snake
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How will you describe the Revolt of 1857 ?
The Revolt of 1857 was the first united Effort of many sections of Indian Society against the British for various reasons, though the Indian Effort failed to overthrow the foreign rule ; it contained elements of Anti Imperialism & the very seeds of Modern Nationalism which proved to be a huge inspiration during the subsequent stages of the Freedom Struggle.
Consequences : Positive Developments
  1. Government of India Act, 1858 - Act of Good Government in India.
    1. Abolished Company Rule & Started Crown Rule in India
  1. Allahabad Durbar, 1 Nov 1858 - Queens Proclamation, 1858 - By Queen Victoria - Set of Promises to Ruling Class and Common Please
  1. In Allahabad Durbar - Canings assumed the responsibility of Viceroy
Consequences : Negative Developments
  1. Increased Racial Animosity between the British & the Indians
  1. Setback to Social Reforms
    1. Especially Reforms of 1857 came to a Halt
  1. Muslim Renaissance received a set back
  1. Policy of Divide & Rule
    1. Between Castes, Religion, Region etc
    2. to fight within themselves
    3. forgetting the common enemy Britishers
  1. Creation of Perpetual misunderstanding between Hindus and Muslims
  1. Territorial conquest was replaced by Economic Loot - Era of Finance Imperialism encouraged in India
Phase 2 → Crown Rule Phase ( 1858 - 1947 )
Viceroys & Allied Developments
Viceroys’ (till Curzon) - Better Government Of India Act, 1858 (20)
Cannings (1858-1862)
Queens Proclamation, 1858 - ADMIN
  1. End of Era of Annexations / Expansions / Doctrine of Lapse
  1. Respect to the Dignity & rights of native princes subject to British Paramountcy
  1. Indian Rights, Customs & Practises to be given due regard while framing and administering law
  1. Equal & Impartial Protection under Law
  1. Freedom of Religion w/o British Interference
  1. Equal Opportunities in Government Services
White Mutiny, 1859 - POL
  1. Crown and Company ( Mixed - European + Indian)
  1. Company European - Lesser Experience & More Pay due to Achievement in India
  1. In 1858 Amalgamation Occurred
    1. Crown Army Cultural Difference
    2. Less Salary
    3. Didn't want the same ranks as that of Companies European Army
    4. Crown Army Rebelled
  1. Enlistment Bonus (2,800) or Go Back (10,000)
GOI Act, 1858 - Stanley First SOS - ADMIN
Evolution of GOI Act, 1858
Contents of Act
  1. COD & BOC was abolished and replaced by Council of India
  1. COI was headed by Secretary of State, 15 Member Council
  1. SOS was a British Cabinet Minister - Under Parliament - Britain Constitutional Monarchy - Monarch could control SOS
  1. Until Now
    1. 60% Direct Under GG (British Indian Provinces) - Controlled By Governor General of India
    2. 40% Indirect by Alliances - Agent of British Monarch - Viceroy - Controlling Princely States
    3. Technically there should have been One GG and One Vice Roy but what if they fought ; would be detrimental to British
    4. Hence Same Person was given both the Positions
  1. Queens Proclamation Said - Era of Annexation had Ended ; But was under Paramountcy to the Crown
  1. Legislations made by GG & His Executive Council and other people put together applied to British Indian Provinces - Directly Ruled
  1. In Princely States - IF Viceroy Mandated ; Princely State Accepted - Then Only Apply
  1. First GG & Viceroy for India was Canning
  1. GOI Act 1858 was just an Administrative Makeover ; Applied to Only 60% of India
  1. For Name Sake : It was an act of Good Governance in India ; Rather than being exploited by a Company, Now you would be exploited by a Crown
Income Tax Act, 1860 - ECO
Drafting of IPC, 1860 - LAW
Indian Council Act, 1861 (1861, 1862, 1909(MM Reforms)) - ADMIN
Why Called Councils Act ?
  1. After Consolidating Control over indian territory they understood that Indians were to be added to the Administrative and legislative structure at national and provincial levels
Provisions (Common to All After 1861)
  1. Additional Membership of Indian Legislative Council was expanded
  1. Indianisation of Legislative Council
  1. Granting More Powers to Legislative Councils
Provisions
  1. Legislative Council was also established in newly conquered provinces like Punjab
  1. From 1861, some legislative powers to the provinces was given ; earlier all was with GG
  1. Hence ICA 1861 initiated Legislative Decentralisation in India
  1. If GG wanted to Promulgate an Ordinance( Emergency Provision) ; he was allowed to promulgate ordinances on his own ; earlier he needed majority vote of executive council
  1. Canning experimented with Administrative structures - Started giving Individual Responsibilities (Portfolio/department) to members of Executive Council
  1. This Portfolio system introduced by caning was officially recognised by this act
Parallel Development
  1. CPC, IPC, CrPC - Finalised - Implemented in late ?
Indian High Court Act, 1861 - LAW
Establishment of East India Railway, 1861 - MISC
Indian Police Act, 1861 - ADMIN
Indian Police Commission under MH Courts
Enactment of IPC, 1861 - LAW
Elgin I (1862-1863)
John Lawrence (1864-1869)
Political Developments
Bhutan War, 1865 (Duar War)
  1. Cross Border Raids by Bhutan - Rulers used to Raid Indian territories frequently because of no clear boundary
  1. Britains Imperialist Ambitions
  1. Bhutan was a vital cog in the Indo Tibetan War - wanted good relation with Bhutan for good indo Tibetan trade
  1. John Lawrence initiated War with Tshewang Sithub and was forced to sign Treaty of Sinchula - Monetarily Compensated (50,000 Rs a Year), Peace with British & No Raid by them in India
  1. Commercial Viability of Duar Region for Supporting Tea Plantations
  1. Peaceful relations also implied - brits could now control Sikkim
Policy of Masterly Inactivity by John Lawrence towards Afghanistan
  1. The Masterly Inactivity was opposed to the policy of misdirected war and activity. As long as Russia was out of Afghanistan, the British remained inactive in Afghan affairs, but they had a hawk eye on affairs with readiness to strike if their interests were belied
Mayo (1869-1872)
North-Brook (1872-1876)
Lytton (1876-1880)
Political Developments
Policy of Proud Reserve
  1. It was aimed at having scientific frontier and safeguarding spheres of influence. According to Lytton, the relation with Afghanistan could no longer be left ambiguous
  1. Scientifically Established Boundaries - Between Afghanistan and India - to influence afghan trade and politics
  1. Sphere of Influence - Which you can influence indirectly both Politically and Economically
  1. But for this they had to have good relation with the ruler
  1. Afghan was not friendly with Britishers ; rather Sher Ali sided with Russia
Forward Policy
  1. This led to Second Afghan War
  1. Defeating unfriendly rulers ( Sher Ali ), installing puppet ameer (Yakub Khan)
  1. Yakub Khan forced to sign treaty with British called Treaty of Gandmak - British controlled defence and foreign policy of afghan - British residents appointed in Afghanistan
  1. British Resident in Afghanistan was killed by Afghan Tribe
  1. So, Yakub Khan Abdicated (Official resignation of king) from position of Ameer
Administrative Developments
Royal Titles Act, 1876
  1. Queen Victoria assuming the title of Kaiser E Hind or Queen Empress of India
  1. To Commemorate this Delhi Durbar was convened ( 1877, 1903, 1911)
DD Summary
Summary
British Royalty attended all the Durbar
Monarch Attended only One Durbar of 1911
  1. DD 1877 by Litton - Queen Victoria Assumed Title
  1. DD 1903 by Curzon - New Monarch Edward 7
  1. DD 1911 by by Hardinge II - New Monarch George 5
      2. Decision taken in this Durbar of 1911
    1. George 5th Annulled / Abrogated the Partition of Bengal
    2. Announced the Shifting of British Capital from Calcutta to Delhi
Afghan Story (Timeline Jump)
  1. Abdur Rehman new ameer installed - tried balancing both Russian and British - Few Years passed
  1. Eventually Russians invaded Afghanistan in 1885 during times of Viceroy Dufferin (TIMELINE JUMP)
    1. Wanted to Capture Merv Oasis in Afghanistan and they reached as deep as a place called Panjdeh
    2. Hence Ameer Abdur Rehman had to fight against the Russian on his own
    3. Britishers now felt that if Russians went further Panjdeh, Russia could affect the British rule in India. Hence he gave a warning to Russia that if they exceeded further it would result in a full scale war ; they could keep the place before Panjdeh but not move forward to it
  1. Meantime Dufferin’s terms was over and he was Succeeded by Viceroy LansDown (TIMELINE JUMP)
    1. They appointed a Boundary Commission between Afghanistan and India
    2. Currently Durand Line is official boundary Between
      1. Pakistan and Afghanistan &
      2. India and Afghanistan - 111 KM ( in POK)
    3. Meantime Great Game was costing Russia and Brits a Lot ; Hence they wanted to Solve amicably the problem resulting in
  1. Anglo Russian Convention during times of Viceroy Elgin II (TIMELINE JUMP)
    1. Great Game in 1830 Bentick and Ended by Anglo Russian Convention in 1895
  1. Third Anglo Afghan War (1919-1921) during times of Viceroy Chelmsford
    1. Off Late Afghan got one opportunity to get rid of British control in World War 1
    2. Allied v/s Central Power - Britain was victorious but Britain was gravely week in terms of economy and military
    3. At this time the then ameer of Afghanistan tried pressuring British
    4. Britishers sent assassin and got Habibulla Khan was assassinated ; Amanullah Khan son of Habibulla Khan declared war on British and Hence Third Anglo Afghan War Occurred
    5. Hence British Signed Treaty of Rawalpindi (to define boundary) and Treaty of Peshawar (to accept independence) and Afghan became Independent in 1921
    6. First time it became Independent - Ameer of Independent Afghanistan was Amanullah Khan
Ripon (1880-1884)
Dufferin (1884-1888)
Political Development
Third Anglo Burman War (1885-1886)
  1. King was Thibaw ; Upper Burma
  1. due to first two Burman wars ; Burmese kings weren't that friendly with British ; hence they were signing trade treaties with europeans like french Italy Germany but not with British
  1. British Traders in Burma complained about step motherly Treatment of Burma towards British
  1. Dufferin sent army ; defeated Thibaw and annexed whole of Burma
  1. Burma was annexed to British India
Burma was a part of British fro 1886 to 1935 ; Hence India is called as a Sub Continent
  1. Control over foreign policy of Afghanistan - 1921 Lost
  1. Pakistan - 1947 Lost
  1. Parts of Nepal
  1. Parts of Bhutan
  1. Whole of Burma - 1935 Lost
  1. Bangladesh
Why Did we loose Burma ?
  1. Simon Commission recommended Separation of Burma
  1. Burma was supporting Nationalism Movement in India
  1. Burma was a Princely State under British until 1948 but was relived from India in 1935
Lansdowne (1888-1894)
Elgin II (1894-1899)
Miscellaneous Development
Diamond Jubilee Celebration, 1897
In Commemoration of 60 Years of Rule by the Monarch
Britishers were showing off when Indians were suffering
Curzon (1899-1905)
Political Developments
Indo Tibetan War
  1. tried to formalise a boundary between India and Tibet - sent a diplomatic mission under - Francis Young Husband - Tibet was unwelcoming, resulted in war between British and Tibet - result in War - Young Husband mission turned into a military mission - Treaty of Lasa was signed - Encouraged trade between two countries
Via Various Viceroys - Administrative Development
Structure of Parliament 😩
Civil Services - Refer to Spectrum pg 554
Police Reforms - Refer to Spectrum pg 559
Judiciary - Class Notes
  1. Father of Indian Judiciary - Warren Hastings 3 Tier
  1. Amending Act 1781 - SC Dummy Court
  1. Cornwallis - 4 Tier Local Dist Provincial Apex
  1. Ben tick 1. Made Judiciary More Efficient 2. Abolishing Provincial Courts and Replaced with Commissioners of Revenue Circuit 3. Created Another Bench of Sadar Court in Allahabad 4. Indian Judges Restricted to District Courts & Not allowed to trial Europeans
  1. Cannings
    1. Indian High Court Act 1861 - To Make High Court theoretically
  1. Lawrence
    1. High Courts Physically Constructed in Calcutta and Bombay and Madras
    2. HC had 1 CJ & 15 Other Judges (Puisne Judges)
    3. First CJ of First HC in India - Barns Peacock
    4. From 1861 - Indians could be judge in HC - First Indian was Shambhoonath Pandit
    5. Indian Judges weren't allowed to trial European Criminal ; though they were equally qualified ; this was racial discrimination ;
    6. Reason : could give extra punishment, were racially not valid to try europeans
  1. Ripon - Good Guy
    1. He hated Racial Discrimination on District Judges on Judges
    2. Called his Law Member Illbetr- Illbert Bill Controversy (1882-1884) - would give power to indian judges to trial europeans.
    3. wide protest in indian by europeans and Britain Illbert bill had to be modified amended and enacted in 1884
    4. Amendment - An Indian Judge could still trial an European Criminal ; if European criminal so wanted would request the convening of a Bench which would be 50% European
Local Governance
Ripon - Father of Local Self Governance
  1. CA of 1793 - Introduced in India
  1. Extended to almost all British ruled territories in India except for Princely States
  1. Most Representatives were nominated by Govt - Problem 1 - NOT representatives of people
  1. Allocated More Financial Powers to Local Self Government and Hence Made Local Self Government was actually empowered by Ripon. Hence Father of Local Self Government in India
  1. Madras Corporation Building called Ripon Building
Financial Decentralisation
MAYO
  1. Financial Decentralisation Act, 1870 by Mayo
  1. Mayo started the Financial Decentralisation in India he dedicated some provincial powers to Provinces.
  1. For Activities of Infra and Social Development
RIPON
  1. Started by Mayo cause furthered by Ripon
  1. Indian was Divided in IPD
      2. Taxes Enlisted in
    1. Imperial Heads - Exclusive to Central Govt
    2. Provincial Heads - Exclusive to Provincial Govt
    3. Divided Heads - Common to Central Govt
    4. Allocated More Financial Powers to Local Self Government
Railways
  1. Mayo made railway a Government Enterprise. Brought railways under Government
Labour Welfare
FIRST FACTORIES ACT, 1881 - by Ripon
Concerned with Welfare of Child Workers
  1. No Regulation of Child Labour Existed
  1. Many Accident and Deaths of Indian Labours used to Happen
  1. Factories Act of 1881 - First Ever Act in India for Labour Welfare according to which interest of young workers in factory was taken care of
    1. Children < 7 - Not Allowed to work in Factories
    2. Children b/w 7- 14 - Work only for 9 hours
    3. Children given - Mid Day Meal Break
    4. Children - 4 Holidays a Month
    5. Didn’t regulate Works of Men and Women
    6. Machines to be fenced, to prevent industrial accident
    7. Appointment of Supervisors to oversee the efficient implementation of the Act
    8. Applied only to factories having 100 workers or more
    9. Not work more than 4 Months in a Year
BOMBAY MILL HANDS ASSOCIATION, 1884
  1. By N M Lokhande ; First Labor Union of India
SECOND FACTORIES ACT, 1891
Concerned with General Welfare of Workers
  1. Children Min Age from 7 to 9
  1. Children b/w 9 to 14 - 8 Hours Day Only with no Work at night
  1. Women Work at Night Prohibited - 2 Hours Rest allowed
  1. For All - Mid Day Meal Stoppage allowed
  1. For All - One Day a Week Holiday Allowed
  1. Applied to all factories employing more than 50 workers
  1. Working of Hours of Men wasn’t regulated
Via Various Viceroys - Socio Cultural Developments
Famines of India
Crores of Indians Died in Multitude of Famines that occurred in India
John Lawrence
  1. Famine Commission under Henry Campbell during Orissa Famine 1866-67
Lytton
  1. Famine Commission under Richard Strachey (1878) during Famines of ( Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, Parts of Central India & Punjab)
Elgin II
  1. Famine Commission under Lyall (1897) during Famines of 1896-1900
  1. Within 4 Years 1 Crore - 90 Lac Indians Died
Curzon
  1. 56 Akaal during times of Curzon ( 1956 according to Vikram Samvat (Saka) but according to European Calendar it was 1900 AD)
  1. Famine Commission under Anthony McDonnell (1901)
  1. Submitted in Same Year the Report but there was NO immediate remedy (No Official Assistance) rather a list of Long Term Capacity Building Measures (Non Official Assistance) like
    1. Prevention of Demoralisation of People
    2. Construction of more railways so that food can reach to affected areas more quickly
    3. Establishment of Agricultural banks and cooperative credit societies for distribution of advances and loans to the peasants
    4. Setting up Famine commissioner in famine affected provinces
    5. setting up of irrigation commission which needed time
Summary
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Development of Press in India
Censorship Act, 1799 - Wellesley
Licensing Regulations, 1823 - John Adams
Metcalfe Act/Press Act, 1835 - Metcalfe
Licensing Act, 1857 -
  1. Applied to All Vernacular and Other Press in India
  1. It added licensing restrictions to the already existing registration procedure established by the Metcalfe Act and the Government reserved the right to halt the publication and distribution of any book, newspaper or printed matter
Registration Act, 1867 - John Lawrence
  1. Applied to All Vernacular and Other Press in India
  1. Its goal was to limit free speech by instituting several procedural requirements for anyone who wanted to start publishing a book newspaper or other work. In Fact, failure to follow these minor procedures rendered the entire publication illegal
Importance of Vernacular Press
  1. Vernacular Press was the most important carrier of Indian Nationalist Sentiments in India until the Nook and Crook of India to Villages
Vernacular Press Act, 1878 - Lytton - THE GAGGING ACT
  1. Publisher of a Vernacular Press had to deposit a Security money with the DM.
  1. The Owner of the Press Published “Seditious Articles in Newspapers”
  1. If Further contempt was made even after Security Deposit was dissolved. All the Press Equipments was to be confiscated by DM
  1. In Vernacular Press Act, there was no scope of appeal against the DM to High Court
  1. This Made Indian Journalists Innovative
    1. Amrit Bazar Patrika - Overnight they made it English Newspaper
    2. Continued Publishing Seditious News and in last would quote Courtesy of Some English Paper
Repeal of Vernacular Press Act - Ripon
Amendements to IPC, 1897 - Elgin II
  1. with 124 A addition of 153 A was done
  1. Section 124A defines Sedition as “Whoever, by words, wither spoken or written, or by sign, or by Visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the government established by law shall be punished with Imprisonment for Life, to which a fine may be added.
  1. Promoting enmity between different groups on ground of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony
Important Press & Publishers
Bal Gangadhar TIlak - Extremists - Militant Nationalists
  1. Maratha - English Newspaper
  1. Kesari - Marathi Newspaper
  1. was supporter of revolutionary activities, hence was arrested and sent to jail for 18 months and came back to be called LOKAMANYA
  1. Chapekar Brothers were disciples of Tilak
First to be Arrested
  1. James Augustus Hickey - First Journalists in India to be Arrested
  1. Surendranath Banerjee - First Indian Journalist to be Arrested
Official Secrets Act, 1904 - Curzon
  1. The Law meant for ensuring secrecy and confidentiality in governance mostly on national security and espionage issues
  1. One of the main purpose of the act was to muzzle the voice of nationalist publications
Bubonic Plague in Bombay Presidencies
Increase in Plague Due to - No Science, God, No Telling Others
 
By Rats it Spreads
WC Rand Commission + Police Officers Ayerst
Stripping of Family Members in front of Each Others
Chapekar Brothers - Were Angry
Diamond Jubilee Celebrations, 1897 attended by Grand & Ayerst - Chapekar Brothers Assassinated - First Political Murder after Revolt of 1857
They were arrested imprisoned and deported and executed w/o hearing there side of story
Demography
Williamn Wilson Hunter
The Annals of Rural Bengal, 1868 - Lawrence
  1. contained demographic details of rural Bengal in his book The Annals of Rural Bengal 1868 by Williamn Wilson Hunter
  1. Impressed he was made the First Chairman of Statistical Survey of India
  1. First Modern Census was done in 1871-72
Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1881 - Ripon
  1. Geographical, Historical, Administrative & Economic Details about India Published
  1. Became Inspiration for Model for Modern Government Gazette
Education
Hunter Commission on Education, 1882 by Ripon
  1. on Status of Primary and Secondary Education in India
      2. notion image
  1. Higher Education in India except for Few Universities was under Private Management
    1. they were framing their own curriculum
    2. most uni was owned by rich nationalist who were propagating nationalism
    3. these universities were part of Senate
    4. Majority of Senate were elected and were Nationalists
    5. Most curriculum was framed in a manner so as to promote Nationalism in Students studying them. Hence this might promote seditious sediments as well
    6. this youth was becoming Journalists
    7. Thats why Curzon called Universities as “Factories of Sedition”
Rayleigh Commission on Education, 1902 by Curzon
  1. Indian Universities Act, 1904
    1. Number of Elected Members in Senate was drastically reduced
    2. Most members were to be nominated by the government
    3. Provincial Governor was made chancellor of all universities if that province
    4. thus higher education in india in the name of improving its efficiency had been brought under strict control of government
    5. on the contrary, govt wanted these students to involved in Grants in Aid beginning of university grants in India like 5 Lac Rupees per Year for 5 Years
Rise of Nationalism - Economics - Political Associations
Rise of Indian Nationalism - Pg 258
Definition
Nationalism - Identification with ones own Nation and the Loyalty and devotion to it
Patriotism - If you are ready to die/ kill your interest for the sake of India
Factors for Indian Nationalism
Early Indian Nationalism
  1. Result of Colonial, Imperial Policies & Reaction to Such Policies
  1. Worldwide upsurge of the concepts of nationalism and right of self determination initiated by French Revolution
  1. Indian Renaissance - Pre Political Phase of Indian National Movement
  1. Unintended Off Shoot of Modernisation initiated by the British in India
Political Administrative & Economic Unification of the Country
Development of Modern Transport & Communication
Impact of Western Education
Role of Press and Vernacular Literature
Emergence of the New Middle Class
Indian Renaissance & The reaction against Increasing Westernisation
Rediscovery of India’s Past & Cultural Nationalism
Reactionary Policies & Racial Arrogance of Rulers
Illbert Bill Controversy
Economic Critique of British Imperialism / Drain of Wealth
  1. Drain of Wealth Theory by Dadabhai Naroji - 1901 Poverty & Unbritish Rule in India
  1. Myths on which Britishers Ruled in India
    1. That Britishers were on a Providential Mission - Disproved by Dada Bhai Naroji in Drain of Wealth Theory
      1. They were on a civilsing mission
      2. In Long Run ; this rule would benefit India
    2. That Britishers were invincible (undefeatable) - Disproved by Gandhi that
External Factors
Economic Policies of British - Pg 271
Phases of Economic Exploitation by Britishers
Drain of Wealth : Common to All these Phases : 45 Trillions
Period of Mercantilism (1757-1813)
Period of Free Trade - Laissez Faire (1813-1858)
  1. One Way Trade Policy by Britain
  1. Britain had Positive and we had negative balance of Trade with Britain
  1. India was a Colonial Economy by Now
Era of Finance Imperialism (1848-1947)
  1. Scientific Exploitation Like : Railways
Common Features of Drain of Wealth by Britishers
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Important Critiques of Drain of Wealth by Britishers
Dadabhai Naoroji
MG Ranade
RC Dutt
Forms of Drain of Wealth
Remittances to England by Europeans
  1. Britishers Saving Money from Salary and Sending Money to Family in Europe
Remittances of Savings
  1. Saved in Banking System of India and then Remitted it Later
Remittances for Purchase of British Goods in India
  1. Radio - Early 20th Century Phenomenon - Pay money to manufacturer of Radio
  1. Shaving Foam Shop buying from England
Interest Charges on Public Debt held in Britain (Company’s Debt)
Interest and Profits on Private Foreign Capital
Banking, Insurance and Shipping Charges
Home Charges ( Expenditure incurred in England by the Secretary of State on Behalf of India)
  1. Interests on Public Debt raise in England (on behalf of GOI)
  1. Dividend on the Shareholders of the Company
  1. Annuities - Railway and Irrigation works
  1. Payments in Connection with civil departments
  1. Military and Marine Expenses
  1. India Office Expenses including pensions
  1. Store Purchases in England
Regional Political Associations - Pg 262
Major Trends
  1. Early Half of Nineteenth Century - Wealthy & Aristocratic Elements - Local or Regional in Character
  1. Major Demands
    1. Administrative Reforms - Should be undertaken in India
    2. Be Indianised - Be Indian Centric - Association of Indian with the Administrations
    3. Spread of Education
  1. Examples of Political Association - Pg 263
FIRST QUARTER OF 19th Century - BY ELITES
Bengal
Why
  1. British Rule was centred in India - Most Modern Province - Most Modern People
  1. Bengal was the First to have reactionary sentiments against British
  1. What Bengal thinks today ; India thinks Tomorrow
Associations
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  1. Bangabhasha Praksika Sabha, 1836
    1. Three Years after Death of RRMR
    2. First President - Gourishankar Tarakabagish
    3. Not Organised - but Sporadic
  1. Zamindari Association (Landholder Society)
    1. Due to Sporadic nature of Bangbasha ; Zameendari Society was First properly organised Political association of India
    2. but was securing interest of Zameendar's and not common people
    3. First President of Landholders Association - Dwarkanath Tagore ( Grand Father of Rabindra Nath Tagore )
  1. Bengal British India Society
    1. By George Thompson
    2. Constituted of Both Europeans and Elite Indians - worked towards welfare of Indian Elites
    3. Promoted Friendship of Elite Indians and Europeans
  1. British Indian Association - Most Important One
    1. Introduction
      1. Zamindari Association united with Bengal British Indian Society to from British Indian Association
      2. First President Being Radhakant Deb - Renowned Critic of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
      3. Said ; General Welfare of Indians
      4. Primary Focus ; Welfare of Upper Elite Indians
    2. Major Demands
      1. Petition to the British Parliament demanding inclusion of some of its suggestions in the Charter Act of 1853
      2. Demand 1 : Establishment of a separate legislature of a popular character : parliamentary idea where Indians could also have a say
        1. Charter Act 1853 established - Indian Legislative Council
      3. Demand 2 : Separation of Executive from Judicial Functions
      4. Demand 3 : Reduction in Salaries of Higher Officers
      5. Demand 4 : Abolition of Salt Duty, Abkari ( Liquor) & Stamp Duty
England
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  1. By an Europeans in England ; Newspaper : British Indian Advocate
SECOND HALF OF 19th Century - BY MIDDLE CLASS EDUCATED INDIANS
Major Trends
  1. Dominated by Educated Middle Class - The Lawyers, Journalists, Doctors, Teachers etc
  1. They had a wider perspective and a Larger Agenda
Bengal
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  1. Indian League
    1. trying to instil political awareness and nationalistic sentiments and political awareness
  1. Indian National Association / Indian Association of Calcutta / Indian Association
    1. by Surendranath Banerjee & Anand Mohan Bose - Friends of Sisir
    2. Need to bring Indian Nationalist to a more common goal at National Level
    3. High time to initiate national level political activity for common Indian Problems
    4. Hence from 1883-1885 they started convening National Level Conferences ; where leaders from various regions were invited
    5. Before they could establish a National Level Political Conferences - INC was established in 1885
    6. Hence once Congress was Formed ; they didn't want to create a Political Rivalry for INC ; Hence they stopped these conferences and they merged with INC the next year
    7. but they were the first to attempt such a national level political association ; hence they are called the pre cursor to INC
England
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  1. East Indian Association, 1866
    1. he tried to influence British Elections & People in Britain for Pro Indian Government
    2. He was a MP in House of Commons in Britain too
OTHER POLITICAL ASSOCIATION IN INDIA - Pg 262-265
Summary
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Bombay
  1. Bombay Native Association, 1852
  1. Poona Sarvjanik Sabha, 1867
  1. Bombay Presidency Association, 1885
Madras
  1. Madras Native Associations, 1852
  1. Madaras Mahajan Sabha, 1884
Pre Congress Campaign - Pg 266
  1. Imposition of Import Duty on Cotton, 1875
    1. Doubt
  1. For Indianisation of Government Services, 1878-79
  1. Against Lytton’s Afghan Adventure
    1. Against Second Anglo Afghan War
  1. Against Arms Act, 1878
  1. Against Vernacular Press Act, 1878
  1. For right to Join Volunteer Corps
    1. Similar to NCC
    2. Were preferred for Enlistment in Armed Forces
  1. Against Plantation Labour and Against Inland Emigration Act 1859
    1. Running Away was Crime by Inland Emigration Act, 1859
  1. In Support of Illbert Bill
  1. For an All India Fund for Political Agitation
  1. Campaign in Britain to vote for Pro India Party
  1. Against reduction in Maximum Age for Appearing in Indian Civil Services
Foundation of INC - Extremists & Moderates
Indian National Congress - Pg 268
Introduction
  1. In times of Dufferin ; By A O Hume ; First President was W C Banerjee
  1. in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Mumbai ; Attended by 72 Indians and Europeans ; 28th December 1885
  1. Named by : Dadabhai Narojee
  1. First General Secretary : A O Hume
  1. First President : Umesh Chandra Banerjee or W C Banerjee
  1. Decided on Meeting on Yearly Basis : Called Annual Sessions of Congress
Annual Sessions and Rules - Handouts
  1. No Home Member of the Province could become a President of Congress.
    1. If Annual Session happened in a Province ; For Example ; Madras, he couldn’t contest for Congress President
    2. Hence this would have reduced India to a Regional Level Association
  1. was based on Majority of Votes.
  1. Any Proposal by President : Was generally accepted by the Majority of Congress but there are some exceptions
Three Day Annual Affair of Congress
  1. was the First National Political Level Associations
  1. but was not a Year Long working Association
  1. Annual Associations were the days they met and discussed ;
  1. Hence called that “ Congress in its Initial days was a three day annual affair”
Theories on Emergence of Congress - Pg 269
Safety Valve Theory - Wrong
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  1. Dufferin called A O Hume to Make Congress so that Indian Anger could be translated through and means of Congress
  1. Venting in Formal Manner → would reduced Revolutionary Potential of India fuelled by Indian Discontent of British Repressions
  1. Safety Valve theory says that the British had seen the Political Situation in the country leading to another rebellion on the lines of the mutiny of 1857 and they wished to avoid such a situation. So, they wanted to provide a platform to the people, where they could discuss their political problems. Indian National Congress was to work as a Safety Valve against the Popular discontent
Is Safety Valve Theory Correct ?
NO - REASON 1
  1. Letters exchanged between Dufferin and AO Hume in the archives present that Hume was Nagging Dufferin to allow Establishment of Indian National Congress
  1. Why Hume Said So
    1. Good Man
    2. Contacted by Sadhus in Himalayas for him to establish Indian National Congress
NO - REASON 2
  1. Indians became politically active from 1830, INC was formed in 1885
  1. hence by accepting the Safety Valve theory you are demeaning the regional efforts of Indian Political Association for the Last 50 Years
Lightning Conductor Theory - Correct
Analogy of the Theory
  1. Building - INC
  1. Lightening - Dufferin (would have suspected intentions of INC)
  1. Hence INC used A O Hume as a Lightening Conductor to prevent the NOT FORMING OF INC
Summary
The Indian Leaders understood that of the Pan Indian Platform was established under the leadership of Some Indian Nationalists, the British would not allow it to survive. They Understood A O Hume Intended to use them for the Protection of the British Indian Empire. Nonetheless, they joined forces with hin in order to used A O Hume as a protective shield of lightening conductor for the safety of congress. The early congress leaders used Hume as a Lightning conductor that is as a catalysts to bring together nationalistic forces even if INC was disguised s a Safety Valve
Goals of INC - Pg 270
A Democratic, Nationalist Movement
Politicise & Politically educate people
HQ foe the Movement
Friendly relations amongst Nationalists
Develop and Propagation an anto colonial nationalist ideology
Popular Demands & Unification of the people
Develop and Consolidate a feeling of National Unity & Nationhood
Indian National Social Conference, 1887
  1. INC was not initially involved in Social Movements, hence some congressmen started using
  1. Not Established by Congress but by Congressmen M G Ranade and R Raghunath Rao
  1. Wherever Annual Session ; there was Session of Indian National Social Conference
  1. Was so hand in hand with session of INC that at one point of time it was called the Sister Concerns of INC
      2. notion image
Moderates in INC ( 1885-1905) - Pg 275
Introduction
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Initial Pedagogy
  1. Were Educated Upper Class and Caste Indians
  1. Majority Moderates in beginning were believers of Providential Mission
  1. Initially they didn’t want to include masses in INC ; inclusion would divide the ranks of congress leading to differences of opinions ; hence they didn't had a large a social base due to not having inculcated masses.
  1. Uniting the Masses first ; then include the masses. Moderates wanted to introduce Educated Middle Class Indians into the Ranks of INC
  1. Pray Petitions Protests method - They chose to protect by the Limits of Law ; constitutional methods of protests.
  1. Moderates didn’t had popular support and hence there petitions weren’t hear by Britishers
  1. Some Say : they were comprador (Agents) of Britishers ; thats wrong they were nationalists and patriots
Contribution
  1. Initiated Methods to Bring - Constitutional & Propaganda in Legislature (Common to All INC Ideology until Independence)
    1. Expansion of Legislature ( Centre + Province )
    2. Indianisation of Legislature - Inclusion of More Indians in this Legislature
    3. Introducing Principle of Popular Representation
    4. More Powers to the Legislatures ; Especially the Budget (economic policy)
  1. Campaign for General Administrative Reforms
    1. Indianisation of Administration
    2. Creating a Pro Indian Administration
    3. Separation of Executive & Judiciary
    4. Making Judiciary More Efficient and Less Costly
    5. Reducing expenditure on Aggressive Foreign Policy & unwanted warfare ( Anglo Afghan War on Economic Tab of India)
    6. Improving Conditions of Indian Indentured Labours particularly in foreign colonies ( Caribbean to South East Asia)
    7. Increasing Budgetary Allocation to Public Welfare
  1. Demands Regarding Economic Reforms
    1. Protection to Indian Industries
    2. Encouraging Indian Capital in to the Economy
    3. Improving the Conditions of Agriculture
    4. Abolishing unjust Taxes and Duties
  1. Economic Critique of British Imperialism
    1. By Dadabhai
  1. Civil Liberties
    1. Freedom of Speech and Expression
    2. Freedom to form Association
    3. Freedom of Press
Analysis
  1. But none of the demands are related to socio religious reforms
  1. Though they didn’t had popular support ; Britishers wanted to engage with them properly because they were rich class of India
  1. Led to inculcation of Political Demands in ICA, 1892
      2. notion image
 
Indian Council Act, 1892 - Pg 267
Summary
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Schematic Changes
  1. Executive Council - GG + 6 Members (Officers = Civil + Military → Appointed by British Govt - Appointed/Official Member)
  1. Additional Members - 10 to 16
    1. Some were official appointed by GG of India = Official Members
    2. Rest would be nominated by Viceroy/GG for term of 2 Years - Britishers (Ex : Capitalists) & Europeans & Indians (Raja of Banaras/Sir Dinkar Rao Earlier + Nomination by Popular Indian Body by ICA, 1892) = Non Official Members
    3. 1853 - 06 Additional Members
    4. 1861 - 06to12 Additional Members
    5. 1892 - 10to16 Additional Members
  1. 1 & 2 put together forms Indian Legislative Council in Central and Provincial Legislatures
  1. At Any Given point of Time - In Centre and Province - Officials > Non-Officials
Changes
  1. Expansion in Legislative Councils
  1. Popular Representation - Nomination of Non Official Members by Influential Bodies
  1. Indianisation of Legislatures
  1. More Powers to Legislatures
    1. Indian Members Could Ask ONE Question ; No Supplementary / Followup Questions ; No Discussion on Answers.
    2. But they could discuss the Budget ; they could discuss but couldn't vote even on the parts of budget (cuts in grant)
Resentment of Middle Class
  1. Educated Middle Class Indians in INC weren't happy with ICA, 1892.
  1. They resented means and questioned leaderships ; who later became Extremists or Militant Nationalists
Resentment of INC in General
No Official Majority
Limited Powers
No Regular Meetings
INC became Critical of British
Attitude of the British Government
Hostility towards INC
Seditious Brahmins and Disloyal Babus
INC = Factory of Sedition
British Govt - Engineered Creation of United Indian Patriotic Association, 1888 - Founded by Pro British - Raja Shivprasad Singh & Syed Ahmed Khan
Evaluation of the Moderates - Pg 275
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Growth of Militant Nationalisms & the Moderates- Pg 280
While Moderates were inculcating Nationalism in Indians ; Extremist meanwhile used a new approach
Factors
  1. Recognition of the True Nature of British Rule
  1. Growth of Confidence and Self Respect
  1. Growth of Education
  1. International Factors
    1. Balkans & RICEPT
    2. Rise of Japan
    3. Italy defeated by Ethiopia
  1. Reaction to Increasing Westernisation
  1. Dissatisfaction with Achievements of Moderates
  1. Reactionary Policy of Curzon
  1. Existence of Militant School of Thoughts
    1. Lal Bal Pal, Aurbindo Ghosh - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak & Bipin Chandra Pal
    2. Self Rule - Home Rule - Swaraj
    3. India Governed by Indians
  1. Emergence of Trained Leadership
    1. Max were Hindus ; Young & Right Wings
    2. Later became Instrumental in HMS, 1915
    3. Later RSS from them in 1925 ( Rasthtreey Swayam Sevak Sangh) - Gevar Golwalkar
    4. In 1951 - Bharteey Jan Sangh - Political Party
    5. In 1980 - Bharteey Janta Party - Political Party
    6. Even today talks of Revivalist tendencies
    7. Hence Extremists Ideologies had flavour of Hinduism
Propositions
  1. India Ruled by Indians - Swaraj - Home Rule - Self Rule
  1. Swaraj is Solutions to problem of India
  1. Swaraj by Means of Help and Sacrifices of Masses
  1. They called PPP technique as Political Mendicancy
  1. Moderates were not ready to Include Masses into masses ; Extremists got opportunity when Bengal was partitioned
  1. Indian Youngsters were takers of Extremists
  1. Disciples of Moderates were - Extremists
  1. Disciples of Extremists were - Revolutionaries Later
  1. They were generally followed by Masses - Common People including Lower Class people
Extremist Ideology
  1. Social Base
  1. Ideological Inspiration
  1. Rejected Providential Mission Theory - Never Loyal to British Crown
  1. Births Crown Unworthy of Indian Loyalty
  1. Faith in the Capacity of Masses
  1. Swaraj - The Panacea for all Indian Problems
  1. Extra Constitutional Method - Ex Boycott ( That Violate Law)
  1. Patriots Ready to Sacrifice Life for sake of the Country
Boycott - Definiton & Types
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  1. Boycott - Need not necessarily violate Law
  1. Types of Boycott
    1. Passive Resistance
        2. notion image
        notion image
      1. Non-Cooperation - Includes Non Violation of Law
      2. Civil Disobedience - Starts with Violation of Law but Peacefully / Passive Violation of Law / Non Violent Violation of Law
    2. Active Resistance - Active Resistance involves violence generally starts with Violence
        3. notion image
Partition of Bengal, July 1905 - Pg 284
Summary of Curzon’s Real Plan
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Partition of Bengal, 1905
  1. Bengal → Bangladesh + West Bengal + Bihar + Orissa + Assam
  1. Divide and Rule by Curzon
Background
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Reasons he Gave
  1. Administrative Convenience - Which was Correct
  1. Manner in Which Partition Happened - Wrong
      2. notion image
Anti Partition Movement - Pg 285
  1. Surendranath Banerjee - Bengalee (Newspaper)
  1. KK Mitra - Sanjibani (Newspaper)
  1. P Ray - Hitabadi (Newspaper)
  1. S G Deuskar - Desher Katha (Book)
  1. KK Mitra first proposed concept of Boycott in National Movement - Suggested Economic Boycott
Curzon’s Real Plan
Step 1
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Step 2
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What could have been done actually
  1. Retain Bengal Core
  1. Assam Bihar & Orissa - Separated
Swadeshi & Boycott Movements
Swadeshi & Boycott Movement - Pg 284
Swadeshi Movement 1905-1908
  1. Launched by Moderate Leaders - Surendranath Banerjee and Others
  1. To Boycott English Goods ; National Handloom Day
  1. First Mass Movement of India ; but they had no experience of it
  1. on 16th October 1905 - Bengal was Partitioned
  1. Amar Sonar Bangla & Rakhi ( Suggestion by Rabindranath Tagore)
  1. Vande Matram (Bankimchandra Chatterjee in Anand Math - Novel about Sanyasi Rebellion)
      2. notion image
Swadeshi Under Moderates
  1. Gopal Krishna Gokhale INC, 1905 - Banaras (Political Guru of Gandhi)
  1. Condemned the Partition of Bengal & the reactionary policies of Curzon supported the swadeshi and the boycott programme in Bengal
  1. Failed Due to : → Gave Extremists the Opportunity to become active
      2. notion image
Extremist Lend Leadership to Swadeshi - Pg 287
Aurbindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal - Bengal
Lala Lajapat Rai & Ajit Singh - Punjab
Saiyed Haider Raza - Delhi
Tilak - Bombay
Subramanaym Bharti, Siva, Chidamabaram - Madras
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During Extremists Times - Swadeshi Spread over various pockets of India - Made Swadeshi Intense
New forms of Struggle & Impact
  1. Boycott by Priests & Washermen - Boycott Marriages involving foreign goods and boycott washing of English Goods
  1. Imaginative use of popular festivals and melas Britishers after 1857 had policy of Non Interference in Religions
    1. in Bombay by Tilak
      1. Ganpati - 1893
      2. Shivaji - 1894
    2. in Bengal by Extremists Same Festivals
  1. Corps of Volunteers or Samitis
    1. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta
    2. Swadeshi Sangam of VO Chidamabaram
  1. Public Meetings and Procession
  1. Magic Lantern Lectures
  1. Emphasis on Self Reliance and Swaraj
    1. Swaraj should be archived by employ of and sacrifice of Indian Masses
    2. Lower Caste Came in
      1. Alcohol Ban
      2. Indian Handicraft Benefited
      3. took a new Socio Religious Tint
  1. National Education
    1. Encourage Education on Nationalistic Lines
    2. National Council of Education 1906
    3. Calcutta University of Technology
    4. Bengal National Capital
  1. Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises
    1. Indigenous Capital was encouraged in Economy
    2. Swadeshi Steel Navigation Company - Operated Between Tuticorin (TN) and Colombo (Sri Lanka / Celone )
    3. Name of Ships were - SS Lavo & SS Galia - Swadeshi Ship (SS) - From France - Not with Profit Making Motive - but with Nationalistic Zeal - Many Enterprises Failed Later
  1. Inspirational Poets and Authors - Spectrum
  1. Prominent Painters
    1. Abanindra Nath Tagore - Bharat Mata
    2. Nandalal Bose
      1. First Scholarship of Indian Society of Oriental Arts
      2. Pen Art / Line Art Paintings
      3. Constitution Borders
  1. Prominent Scientist
    1. Jagdeesh Chandra Bose - Radio Communication & Botany (Crisco Graph)
    2. Prafull Chandra Roy - Chemical Engineer - Swadeshi Medical Stores / Drug Store - Published Book on Indian Medicines
No Muslims in Swadeshi - Weakest Hindu Muslim Unity during Swadeshi Ever
Reason 1
  1. Swadeshi was dominated by Extremists in India which were 99 percent Hindus
  1. Partition of Bengal - Muslim were Happy - Pg 292
    1. Chances to Develop Urdu
    2. Cultural Preservation
Reason 2
New Position of Extremists in INC - Pg 297
  1. Popularised by their Innovative Methods
  1. Called for Influence in INC
  1. Misjudged the Mass Support in Swadeshi
  1. they thought Independence was near
  1. Extremists wanted to Spread Swadeshi and Boycott to all parts of India
  1. in 1906 they wanted to Install a Extremists President in INC
Congress Session, 1906 - Pg 297
  1. It was scheduled in Calcutta
  1. Britishers were shook by Success of Swadeshi by Extremists
  1. They usually Employed Divide and Rule Policy by Means of - Constitutional Reforms
  1. Like Dog Runs Behind Bone and Child Run Behind Chocolate - Moderates Ran Behind Constitutional Reforms in India → Hearing this Moderates would forget their Life and Wife and Run Behind it 😂
  1. Hence Moderates and Extremists were Divided But Moderates Played in making of president - Dada Bhai was made President But
  1. Consolation to Extremists were - “Resolution”
    1. Swaraj
      1. Constitutional Positions of Britain - Sovereignty or
      2. Self Governing Colony Status
    2. Boycott
    3. Swadeshi
    4. National Education
  1. Hence Congress Demanded Constitutional Reform in the Form of Swaraj
Significance of Swadeshi and Boycott Movements - Pg 294
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The Concept of Swaraj
Varieties of Swaraj - Pg 295
( Self Rule → Dominion + Self Governing Colony + Sovereign State (Poorn Swaraj) )
in Early 20th Century → Degree of Swaraj Increases from Dominion to Sovereign State - Pg 295
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  1. Aurobindo Ghosh - Wanted Poorna Swaraj in Independent India with Only Hindu Rashtr
Shimla Deputation - ML - C&S Policy - Morley Minto Reforms
Shimla Deputation
  1. Lead by Aga Khan - Muslims made Demand During Swadeshi Movement
  1. Representation in Excess of their proportion in Population
  1. Separate Electorates to Muslims - Pg 301
    1. Constituency Reserved for Muslims & Vote only By Muslims
    2. Special Cases of Reserved Constituency
  1. Pleasing Muslims would make Hindu Angry - Divide and Rule Could Work - They Said they would not support congress and would stay Loyal
Muslim League Formed , 30th December 1906 - Pg 302
By Pg 302 Spectrum
Policy of Carrot and Stick - Surat Split, 1907 - Pg 299
The Phrase Carrot & Stick is a Metaphor for the use of a Combination of Reward and Punishment to induce a desired behaviour
Background
  1. was Planned in Nagpur - Tilak would have become President ; Nagpur was Stronghold of Extremists
  1. If Tilak President - Swaraj & Boycott to → All Over India even to Political and Administrative hold too
  1. Difference of Opinion between Moderates and Extremists - British Divided them by means of Promise of Constitutional Reforms
  1. If they were united - It would be severe headache for Britishers
Repression Conciliation Suppression (RCS)
Repression - Mild Violence to Extremists
Conciliation - Constitutional Reform to Moderates
Meanwhile Moderates and Extremists Divided
Suppression - Complete Suppression of Extremists
Dadabhai Naoroji - The Then President Shifted it to Surat ( Home State of Tilak )
  1. Rashbehari Ghosh elected President in 1907
  1. Tilak couldn't fight from home state
  1. others extremists were not that famous to win
  1. Rashbehari Ghosh - Didn't accept wishes of Extremists
  1. Extremists went to throwing of Chairs and Gaalis ( Unparliamentary Words )
  1. Majority Extremists Leaders were Expelled from INC in 1907
Moderates and Extremists Properly Split - Pg 299
  1. Extremists took action against Govt - Extremists were arrested, ran away or retired - Suppression of Extremist by Many Legislations - Pg 299
  1. This is Government Repression & Decline of the Movement
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  1. With this Swadeshi lost momentum ; Congress Lost Mass Support of due to Extremists
  1. 1907 - Moderates clarified that Swaraj is Dominion Status
Morley Minto Reforms - Pg 301
Morley(SOS)-Minto(VICEROYS) Reforms Announced in 1908 - Implemented in 1909 in the form of Indian Councils Act of 1909
Schema
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New Developments
  1. Some Non Official Members had to be Indirectly Elected - Didn’t introduce Election in India but Introduced Elective Politics
  1. Meaning of Indirect
    1. Local Self Govt Elections from time of Ripon
    2. Members of Rep of Local Self Govt would Elect to Provincial Legislatures
    3. These Provincial Legislatures Indirectly Elect would Elect Non Official Members to Centre
  1. Separate Electorate in Centre for Muslims by Indirect Voting from Provincial Legislatures
Non Official and Non Elected Majority - Pg 303
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a (Official) +b(Nominated) > c (elected) → Non Elected Majority - { a+b>c } a (Official) < b(non official)+ c(non official) → Non Official Majority - { a<b+c }
Special Appointments
  1. One Indian to Council of Viceroys Executive Council - Satyendra Sinha
  1. Two Indians Appointed to Council of India in Britain - Syed Hussain Belgrami and Krishna G Gupta
Gandhi India and Abroad
Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi - Bapu 🙏
Gandhi Basics
  1. Born in 1869 in Gujarat, Porbandar.
  1. Father : Karamchand
  1. Mother : Putlibai
  1. Western Educated : Barrister, working with Bombay High Court ; was a Good Drafter
  1. Wife Young Age : Kasturba
Gandhi in South Africa - Pg 332
Introduction
  1. 1893, South Africa - Dada Abdullah Offer Accepted
  1. Three Types of Indians in South Africa
    1. Indentured Indian Labour - From South India
    2. Ex Indentured Labourers - Who chose to Stay there
    3. Meman Muslims - Muslim Traders from Gujarat
    4. Train Journey - from Pretoria to Durban
    5. Thrown At : Pietermaritzburg ; Stayed here for the Night in Cold
    6. Victim of Racism on 7th June 1893
    7. Fight for the Rights of Indians in South Africa ; Stayed in South Africa for 20 Years ; Essentially an NRI
  1. South Africa was Famous for Racial Policies ; Gandhi decided to work for only Indians in South Africa
Phase 1 (1894-1906) - Moderate Phase
Provinces in South Africa
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  1. Cape
  1. Transvaal
  1. Natal
  1. Lesotho
  1. Orange Free State
  1. Swaziland
Moderate Actions of Gandhi
  1. Boer Wars (1899-1902) & Zulu Rebellion (1905-1906) - Gandhi Organised Ambulance Corps
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Recognise Efforts of Gandhi towards British Empire in South Africa when he Returned to India on 9th January 1915 ; In India by Hardinge awarded him Qaiser E Hind Medal
“Unto his Last” by John Ruskin - Influenced Gandhi a Lot
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  1. Good of one is contained in Good of all
  1. Every Profession is Valuable
  1. Most Valuable Profession according to Gandhi : Peasants & Handlooms
  1. Influenced from this he Formulated
    1. Sarvodaya
      1. Upliftment of All the Sections of Society
    2. Antodaya
      1. Upliftment of the most vulnerable section of Society
Ashrams in South Africa was Called Farm ; Gandhi established his firsts Ashram in South Africa by the name of Phoenix Farm in Natal, 1904 ; served as a Prelude Model to Sabarmati Ashram
He understood that Moderate Methods weren't working.
Phase 2 - (1906-1914) - Satyagrahi Phase
“Leo Tolstoy” - “Christianity & Patriotism” & “Kingdom of God is within You”
Motivated from this books : He Formulated the Method of Satyagraha
Learnt from these Books
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  1. Counter Injustice through Non Violence
  1. Non Violence could cure all social problems of the world
  1. Simplicity of Life & Purity of Purpose
Correspondence with Leo Tolstoy
  1. Gandhi Wrote to Leo Tolstoy - Leo Told that he was inspired by Sangam Age Literature of THIRUKKURAL ( Around Birth of Jesus Christ) - authored by THIRUVALLUVAN
  1. Tolstoy Suggested to Read Thirukkural - But Gandhi couldn't understand it in the Translated Version - Next Birth wanted to be a South Indian to understand Thiruvalluvar
Second Ashram
  1. Tolstoy Farm in Transvaal, 1910 - Specially for Education of Youngsters - by help of German Architect
Passive Resistance or Satyagraha
  1. Indian Tradition + Christian Tolerance + Tolstoys Ideas = Satyagrahi Techniques
  1. Pillars of Satyagraha = Truth & Non Violence
  1. Gandhis Nephew = Magan Lal Gandhi - names this Technique as = Sadagraha - Firmness in Good Causes
  1. Gandhi Preferred - SatyaGrah in English Meaning - Truth Force (Closest Translation)
  1. Exact Meaning of Satyagrahi - A Person who would always try to uphold Truth and oppose injustice = Pg 342
    1. Never Bow before the Evil
    2. Truthful, Non Violence & Fearless
    3. Non Cooperation & Boycott
    4. Suffering, a Part of Love for truth
    5. No Ill Feeling / Hatred - Hatred is Alien to Nature of Satyagrahi
    6. Only for the Brave
    7. Violence was Preferred to Cowardice - Satyagrahi is not for the week hearted
    8. Violence committed in Self Defence and to protect ones own Dignity is allowed
    9. Satyagrah is a Choice ; Gandhi cant compel. He always wanted to stand on side of Justice
      1. Allies (Britain) v/s Central Power - World War 1
      2. Allies (Britain) v/s Axis Powers - World War 2
      3. Satyagrahi Supported Allies because they were on the side of justice as they hadn't initiated the war
    10. Satygrahic Techniques used to secure rights of techniques in South Africa
Satyagrahic Campaigns - Pg 339, 340
Satyagrah Against Registration Certificates - by Asiatic Registration Ordinance, 1907
  1. Registration was to be maintained by only Non White People
  1. He initiated a campaign to burn the Registration Certification
Campaign Against Restriction on Indian Migration, 1908
  1. When Indians wanted to move from One province to other they had to get Migration Certificates
  1. Stood at Borders on both sides and took a step on the other side - now they violated the law, all the people were arrested.
  1. Now they all were in Jail ; overrun capacity of Prison ; to put pressure on Government
Campaign Against Imposition of Poll Tax on Indentured & Ex Indentured Migrant Labours, 1913
  1. Poll Tax was 60% of Income
Invalidation of Indian Marriages, 1913
  1. All Marriages except for methods of Christianity was nullified
  1. children bourn out of wedding was bastards ; onslaught on dignity of Indian Women
Protest Against Transvaal Immigration Act, 1913 - Specific to Transvaal
  1. Indians Immigrating into the province of Transvaal due to its prosperity
Strategies of Gandhi and Extremists looked similar
He had a mix of both ; He was just Gandhi.
Gandhi Ideology was devoid of Violence
Extremists Boycott included Violence
Gandhi had Moderated Extremists Methods by his methods of Satyagrah
Gopal Krishna Gokhale started talking about him in speeches and his methods of Sataygraha - People started conceiving him as a Saint of India Living in South Africa
Gandhi's Experience in South Africa - Pg 342
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  1. He Started Believing in the Capacity of the Masses like Extremists but w/o violence
  1. If the causes behind launching a mass movement was correct ; people forgot all their difference ans get united for the common cause
  1. Anything that goes up should come down - Universal Law of Decay
    1. Three Phases of Decay for any living & non-living entity
      1. Growth
      2. Maturity
      3. Decline
  1. Gandhi Mass Movement had the Similar Phases
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    1. Growth
      1. Ultimatum
        1. Set of demands with a Prescribed Deadline ; If demands are not honoured within deadlines ; people involved in relationship is declined.
        2. Meanwhile he used to Publish it in the Newspaper, people would find it correct and support it
      2. Mass Support
    2. Maturity - Peak of Mass Support
      1. Different People had different Capacities to participate and contribute in the movement
      2. He realised people wouldn't participate forever ; the potent was not universally infinite
      3. Because People had limited capacity ; when peak of mass movement was there ; Pressure on the government was put ; and hence at the same time Compromise would be accepted by him
      4. Compromise : out of 10 if 5 were met, he would accept ; but not compromise with his ideology
      5. He believed that a Leader of Mass Movement should be able to take Un-Popular Opinion despite resistance. Example being withdrawal of Non Cooperation after Chauri Chaura
      6. Gandhi was a Dictator when it came to mass movements
    3. Decline
      1. He had realised that mass movements were short lived ; and hence even if the compromise wasn’t accepted the Mass movement would decline
Outcome of Gandhi in South Africa
C F Andrews & M K Gandhi
Poll Tax - Repealed
Indian Marriages - Recognised
Black Act - Abolished
Immigration Restriction Act - Lightened
Mediated by
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Person 2
Person 3
Gandhi In India
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Gandhi from South Africa to England - to meet Gokhale, meanwhile Gokhale was in France ; Meanwhile gandhi was in England ; World War 1 had started (1914-1918)
Gandhis Returned to India on 9th January 1915 - Pravasi Bharteey Diwas - NRI Day
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Highest Civilian Honour given to NRI by Indian Govt - Pravaseey Bharteey Award
Gokhale Advised Gandhi for a Bharat Darshan ; Travelled in Third Class Compartments of Train to get to know India.
Association with INC & Lucknow Session, 1916
Opposition to Home Rule Movement, 1916
  1. Gandhi didn't support the Movement ; He thought it would be detrimental to British in World War 1
  1. He supported Home Rule Movement but didn’t agree with the timing of Movement
Gandhi was tired hence he started Eating Cake ; Hence CAK ; Experiment of Satyagraha in India ( 1917-18)
Champaran
Ahmedabad
Kheda
Books by Gandhi
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Newspapers by Gandhi
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  1. Harijan - English
  1. Navjeevan - To Support Concept of Home Rule & Swaraj
  1. Gujarati - Navjivan
  1. Indian Opinion - English
  1. Harijan Bandhu - Gujarati
  1. Harijan Sevak - Hindi
7 Social Sins - Young India in 1925 - Relevant even from Point of Governance
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11 Vows of Gandhi - Preached & Practised - Heavily Influenced by Buddhism
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18 Point Agenda of Constructive Work - For Post Independent India Implemented it right from entry into National Movement
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The 18 Points
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Concept of Ram Rajya - Utopian and Ultimate Goals of Gandhi - State Less Borderless World
Stateless Borderless World in only point of Concurrence between Gandhism & Communism
a Goal towards with which one should strive
Background First World War
28th July 1914 - 11 November 1918
The Great War - Allied v/s Central Powers (Central Powers)
Allied (Britain, France, Russia, USA, Japan, Italy) Central (Austria Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Bulgaria)
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Immediate Cause of War
  1. Sarajevo Assassination, 1914 - Austrian Royal Couple were assasinated and war started
Russia Participated in war from beginning and quit in 1917 ; cuz Tsar Nicholas II was dethroned due to Russian Bolshevik of October Revolution, 1917
  1. Lenin
  1. Leon Trotsky
  1. Modern Communist - Karl Marx & Fredrick Engels
Marxist Socialist Communist Idea spread through out the world and they impacted most of the world including India
 
Communism is Anti Capitalist Sociology
From 1917-1957 were trying to establish governments in various parts of the world
All Communists Govt that came to Power was through Violence
First Communist Government in the World to be installed by Democratic Means was in Kerala by CPI, 1957 by EMS Namboodaripad
USA Entered War in 1917 - Until USA entered it could have been anybodies war ; until then British Bore all the Brunt of the War because it was the strongest amongst Allied
During World War 1 - There was 15-16 Thousand British Troops in India ; with which they ruled India
USA Entered War & Allied Powers won ; Central Powers had to accept 14 Points for peace in Europe by Woodrow Wilson
Paris Peace Conference - Paris Treaties Concluded
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Treaty of Versailles - Germany
  1. Humiliated Germany ; Ingredient to Second World War
Treaty of Sevres - Turkey / Ottoman Empire ( Caliph & Khalifa )
  1. Caliph - Religious and Political Head of the Islamic World
  1. Caliph of Turkey
    1. Mehmed V - 1909-1918
    2. Mehmed VI - 1918-1922
    3. Abdel Majid II - 1922-1924 - Last Caliph
  1. Muslims all over the World Sympathising over their Caliph & were Nationalists - were Called Pan Islamists
  1. Pan Islamists - National Patriots & Caliph Lovers
Background of Khilafat Movement - Pg 356
  1. They Insisted that Caliph should get Fair Treatment in Treaty of Sevres
  1. Hence, To Create Pressure on Treaty - Indians Started Khilafat Movement
    1. By Maulana Hasrat Mohani
    2. By Ali Brothers
    3. By Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
  1. Allied Powers - Europeans got Turkeys Caliphs various Parts
  1. Lead to Nationalistic Sentiments in Turkey - Mustafa Kemal Pasha Coupe 10th Aug 1920
  1. Khalifa Reduced to a Power of Mere Religious Leader in 1922
  1. MKP Abolished Caliphate in 1924
  1. Khilafat Issue had lost steam by 2022
Rise of Revolutionaries
Intense Period - Rise of Revolutionaries - Revolutionary Activities - Pg 308
Phase 1 - Main Factors (Due to Decline of Swadeshi) - Pg 308
Summary
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Important Data
  1. Failure of Extremist Leadership - Ideological Factor
  1. Most Important Factor - Swadeshi Movement
Who are Revolutionaries ?
  1. Disciples of Extremists
  1. Wanted to achieve Poorna Swaraj by Violence ; Murder of Britishers ; to instil fear in the minds of Britishers
Revolutionary Ideology
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Nihilist - Russian Revolutionaries who were trying to dethrone Czar
Revolutionary Activities in India
Bengal Province
Anushilan Samiti, Calcutta, 1902
  1. Body Builder Association
    1. Pramotha Mitter
    2. Jatindarnath Banerjee
    3. Aurobindo Ghosh
  1. Revolutionary Newspaper - Yugantar, 1906
    1. Barindra Kumar Ghosh - Barindrakumar Ghosh
    2. Bhupendra Nath Dutta - Brother of Swami Vivekanad
    3. in 1907 - Lt Governor of Bengal were tried to be assassinated - Andrew Fraser & Bampfylde Fuller
  1. Alipore Conspiracy Case
    1. Tried to Assassinate an Unpopular British Judge in Bengal
    2. Douglas Kingford - Didn't die in this attempt but 2 europeans ladies died
    3. Prafulla Chaki - Committed Suicide
    4. Khudiram Bose - Caught and Executed
  1. Barrah Dacoity, 1908
    1. Dacca Anushilan Pulin Das
  1. Majority Revolutionaries associated with Alipore Conspiracy Case were prisoned
    1. Public Prosecutor & DSP of this case were assassinated
    2. Revolutionaries who tried becoming traitors were assassinated by their friends only
  1. New Leader of Western Anushilan Samiti
    1. Jatindranath Mukherjee - Bagha Jatin
Delhi Durbar, 1911
  1. Two Important Announcement
    1. Bengal is United Partition is Annulled & Abrogated ; Muslim were angry that they lost majority province ; Hence in the form of Consolation ;
      1. Three Provinces from Reuniting of Calcutta
        1. Core of Bengal United - Province 1
        2. Bihar & Orissa - Province 2
        3. Assam - Province 3
    2. New Delhi was made the new Capital from Calcutta
Because of this Revolutionaries in Bengal were a bit put down
Delhi Conspiracy Case
Hardinge II was bombed by
Rashbehari Bose - Master of Disguise - Escaped
Sachin Sanyal - Escaped
Other Caught Trialled and Executed
Hardinge II was not dead but only injured
Bombay Presidency or Maharashtra
Ramosi Peasant Force, 1879 - Father of Indian Revolutionaries
V B Phadke
 
Chapekar Brothets
Savarkar Brothers
Ganesh Damodar Savarkar
Vir Das Savarkar
Formation of
Mitra Mela, 1899
Abhinav Bharat, 1904
Unpopular Nashik Collector
AMT Jackson - Gave Judgement against G D Savarkar
Abhinav Bharat was Angry
Nashik Conspiracy Case, 1909
Anand Laxman Kanhere - Assassinated AMT Jackson in 1909
Brain was - V D Savarkar from England
Punjab
  1. Important Leaders
    1. Lala Lajpat Rai - Newspaper Punjabee
    2. Ajit Singh - Newspaper
  1. Suppressed by Government
    1. Sufi Amba Prasad
    2. Lal Chand Falak
    3. Bhai Parmananda
    4. Lala Hardayal
Revolutionary Activities in Abroad
Europe
  1. Member of Mitra Mela - Emigrated to England - Shyam Ji Krishna Verma - Established a Hostel for Indians for Youngsters to Stay in London and Study
  1. Called India House / Indian Home Rule Society
  1. Revolutionaries Associated
    1. V D Savarkar
    2. Lala Hardayal
    3. Bhupendranath Dutta
    4. Madam Bhikaji Cama
    5. Madan Lal Dhingra
  1. Indian Sociologist Newspaper - by Madam Cama * Shyamji Krishna Verma
  1. Later base was Shifted from England to France and Other European countries for Security Purposes
  1. Paris Indian Society
    1. Newspaper - Vande Matram & Talwar
    2. Mother of Indian Revolutionaries
    3. Sociologist Conference - Stuttgart Conference in Germany
      1. Madam Hoisted Indian Flag First Time ever in Foriegn Soil
      2. Hoisted by - Sachindra Prasad Bose & Sukumar Mitra
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      d. Earlier Flag by Pingali Venkayya
  1. Curzon Wylie Assassination, 1909
    1. Madan Lal Dhingra SoS Office
  1. Here Savarkar was Arrested and Extradited to India and Later Kaala Paani
Germany
  1. England and France had become unsafe - France and Britain were friends due to WW1
  1. The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence, 1915
    1. Leaders
      1. Virendranath Chattopadhyay
      2. Lala Hardayal
      3. Bhupendranath Dutta
    2. Berlin Committee Sent People to Many Places in World - Enemy of Britain
      1. Especially Muslims - Angry due to Britain Against Khalifa in WW1
    3. See in Revolutionary Activities in Backdrop of World War 1 in Afghanistan
North America
Punjabi Revolutionaries who Migrated to North India
  1. Taraknath Das
  1. Kartar Singh Sarabha
  1. Lalchand Falak
  1. Bhai Paramananda
Inspired by Shyamji Krishna of England, North America got
  1. Swadesh Seval Home at Vancouver, 1908 - G D Kumar
  1. United India House at Seattle, 1910 - Taraknath Das
Revolutionaries Activities Intensified in North America
By Arrival of
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Lala Hardayal
Newspaper Published was
Ghadar, 1913 - San Francisco (Western Coast)
British Terror in India
Revolutionary Activities in backdrop of World War 1
Zimmerman Plan, 1915 - EXTREME DOUBT
  1. Orissa Balasore take delievery of Weapons
  1. Killing of Bagha Jatin failed Zimmerman Plan
Singapore Mutiny, 1915 - Not Revolutionary Activity but a Mutiny
  1. Indian Soldiers were ordered to Board Ships ; They feared they were being sent to Europe.
  1. Fearing this they mutinied against the Orders
  1. Example : Chishti Khan & Abdul Ghani
  1. Majority Arrested and Executed
Afghanistan
  1. Afghanistan - Provisional Government for Free India in Afghanistan
    1. Amanullah Khan - Crown Prince Afghanistan
    2. Mahendra Pratap Singh - President
    3. Barkatullah Bhopali - Prime Minister
    4. Ubaidullah Sindhi - Home Minister
  1. These development happened in the wake of WW1
  1. First Time a Provisional Government of India was set up.
Ghadar Revolution, 1915
Former Name for Ghadar Party
Pacific Coast Hindustan Association
Ghadar Party or Ghadarites, 1913 - Pre Dates World War 1
Komagata Maru Incident, 1914
  1. Komagata Maru was a Ship - from Indian to Vancouver
  1. Many Punjabis had spent their life savings in buying tickets for this Ship
  1. Majority were Illegal Immigrants
  1. 376 Indians - Only with Paper were allowed
  1. Who came back - were asked to go to Punjab
  1. they didnt had money, hence they denied, 20 were killed
Ghadar Revolution, 21st February 1915
  1. Before Ghadar Revolution could occur ; Britishers smelled it
  1. Army & Police - Suppressed it
  1. Rashbehari Bose - Escaped to Japan - Married , had 3 Children ; became naturalised citizen of Japan. Later Contributed to Indian National Army
Emergency Ordinance { DI(R)A, 1915 }
  1. Defence of India Regulations Act - By Viceroy
  1. Any Indian could be arrested & deported without proof on suspicion
  1. Original Aim was to Suppress Ghadar Movement
  1. DIRA - Successful in Ghadar ; Hence Extended to all the Revolutionary Activities
  1. DIRA - Cause for Suppression of Revolutionary Activities in Phase 1
Conclusion of Phase 1
Summary
  1. Most Young Revolutionaries in Jails of Earlier Suspicion were now Freed, they were on mere suspicion ;
  1. Protest by their families and people ; would hinder direct elections by GOI Act 1919
  1. They had understood that violent methods weren't effective
  1. Meanwhile Gandhi emerged in India as a Leader ; He promised Swaraj by Non Cooperation in 1917
    1. Joined by Bhagat Singh & Surya
  1. Gandhi withdrew Non Cooperation in 1922 by Chauri Chaura
  1. Revolutionaries were angry because of withdrawal of NCM. Hence Revolutionaries Activities Started Again
Summary by Sir
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Phase 2 - Due to Indian Leaders Pressure on British in World War 1 for Constitutional Reforms
Phase 3 - Due to Khilafat Issue - Non Cooperation Movement
World War 1 & Indian HRM (Home Rule Movement) - Page 312
Summary
  1. INC Moderates
    1. Supported War Efforts - Matter of Duty
  1. Gandhi
    1. Unconditional Support to British
    2. Justice on British Side
    3. All India Tour
    4. Home Rule Movement - Not Supported by Gandhi
    5. CAK Satygraha
  1. Revolutionaries
    1. Armed Struggle
    2. Purna Swaraj
    3. Suppressed by DIRA
  1. Extremists Tilak
    1. Supported in Expectation of Swaraj
    2. Swaraj - Dominion Status Through Constitutional Reforms
Infographics
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Annie Besant (Irish) & Supporter of Tilak
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  1. was a Irish - Who were fighting for Self Determination by Home Rule in Irish
  1. Came to India for Theosophical Society ( Founded in USA by Blavatsky & Olcott) in 1893
  1. Prominent Goals of Theosophical Society, HQ Shifted to Wodeyar in Chennai from USA
    1. Do a Comparative Study of Worlds Religions
    2. To Promote Universal Brotherhood
    3. To Understand and Explain Mystical Things
Factors Leading to HRM
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Congress and HRM - Pg 314 Around
  1. 1914 Session → Madras - Bhupendranath Basu
    1. he said No Extremists
    2. Two Senior most Congress Leaders were against Extremists in Congress Again
      1. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
      2. Ferzo Shah Mehta
  1. 1915 Session → Bombay - Satyendra Prakash Sinha
    1. Campaign for Swaraj in New India and Commonweal, 1915
    2. Sinha said extremists can be admitted back into congress Soon because Gopal Krishna Gokhale & Feroz Shah Mehta had died in 1915
    3. Tilak and Besant asked HRM to Launch under Congress ; Sinha Said - No Only Educative Propaganda in Rural Areas
    4. Now Tilak & Besant had to launch HRM by Themselves
HRM Summary
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Goals and Important Points of HRM
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Goals of HRM
  1. To convey to the common man the message of Home Rule as Self Government
  1. To Promote Political Education and Discussion ( Russian Revolution of 1917 proved to be an added advantage)
Please Remember
  1. Many disillusioned Moderate Congressmen and some members of Gokhale's Servants of Indian Society also Joined the Movement
  1. However, Anglo Indians, most of the Muslims and Non Brahmins from the South did not Join
Gandhi
  1. Gandhi wasn’t against HRM but according to him the timing of HRM was not good.
Tilak’s Home Rule League
  1. Swaraj
  1. National Education
  1. Creation of Linguistics Provinces
    1. In Past : similar demands were raised
    2. Bombay : Maharasthra Gujarat & Kerala Karnataka Andhra Pradesh
Besant’s Home Rule League
  1. Helped by Rama Swami Aiyyer, B P Wadiyar
Why were there places Mutually Exclusive
Besant - Moderate at Heart - (All India Home Rule League) HQ - Adiyar - Demand - Swaraj in the form of Dominion Status
Tilak - Extremists at Heart (had toned down for a while) - More Efficient due to less places covered
They were mutually exclusive to avoid any issues and fights
Congressmen who were disillusioned by GOI Act 1909 also joined HRM
Who were against HRM ? who wanted the British Rule to Continue !
  1. Christians
  1. Anglo-Indians
  1. Minorities
  1. Lower Class
CAUSES
  1. Rights of Minority & Caste
  1. Caste Oppression
Methods
  1. Debates Discussion
  1. Patriotic Songs
  1. Fund Collection
  1. Magic Lantern Nights
  1. Pamphlets & Newspaper
  1. Speeches and Books
INC Session 1916 & Lucknow Pact
INC Session, 1916 - Lucknow
  1. President - AC Majumdar
  1. Historical Developments
    1. Reunion of Moderates and Extremists
    2. Lucknow Pact, 1916 - Agreement between Congress and Muslim League
      1. Congress - Lala Lajpat Tai
      2. Extremists - Mohammad Ali Jinnah
    3. Jinnah was member of Congress and Muslim League ; Jinnah was a Moderate Politicians.
Lucknow Pact - Congress & Muslim League joined hands for common demands from British - Pg 327
  1. Self Government at an Early Date
  1. Expansion of Central and Provincial Legislatures with an Elected Majority
  1. Legislative Councils to have a Five Year Term ( Earlier Two )
  1. Secretary of State for India to be Paid out of British Purse
  1. Viceroys and provincial governors executive councils to have 50% Indians
  1. Congress accepted the Muslim Leagues position on Separate Electorates.
Why Muslim League joined hands with Congress ?
  1. Britain Didn’t Help Turkey in war with Balkan States
  1. Annulment of Bengals Partition
  1. Problems - AMU not getting permission for Muslim University Affiliation
  1. Young Nationalist in Muslim League who wanted Swaraj but also safeguards for Muslim Sentiments.
  1. Governments repression over muslims during WW 1 - Mohammad Ali Jinnah & Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
  1. Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah the Title of - “Ambassadors of Hindu Muslim Unity”
August Declaration and Ending of HRM
Government Attitude - Towards Strengthened Congress (Moderates + Extremists) && Hindu Muslim Unity ( ML+Cong ) Joined Hands
  1. Policy of Carrot & Stick - Repression - Conciliation - Suppression
  1. Restriction on Tilak
  1. Arrest and Imprisonment of Annie Besants
  1. Now tilak Started Talking about Boycott - Divide Moderate & Extremists
Edwin Montague (SoS) Declaration - August Declaration, 1917
  1. Indianization of Administration
  1. Development of Self Governing Institutions
  1. Realisations of Responsible Government - Dominion Status
ANALYSIS
  1. SoS didn’t gave a timeframe but it Britishers were now thinking of Dominion Status
Release of Annie Besant, September 1917 - HRM at Stand Still
With Release HRM had come to complete stand still ; Why ?
  1. Lack of Effective Organisation - Annie in Jail & Annie Large Area Covered
  1. Chances of Communal Riots - Muslims would loose safeguard of their rights
  1. Divide and Rule - Carrot & Stick ; Britain Talking about Constitutional Reform and Swaraj by Dominion Status
  1. Tilak’s Attitude - Boycott - Wedge between Moderates and Extremists
  1. August Declaration, 1917 & MC Reforms, 1918
  1. Tilak and Valentine Chirol
  1. Annie Besants indecisiveness
  1. Gandhi’s Entry and Success of Satyagraha in CAK
Significance and Achievements of HRM
  1. Emphasis Shifted - Educated Elites to Masses
  1. Organisational Link Created - Cities & Rural Areas
  1. Moderate - Extremists Reunion
  1. Lucknow Pact, 1916
  1. Political Awareness - Launch Pad for Gandhi
  1. MC, 1918 & GOIA, 1919
Gandhi in India & Montford Reforms
Gandhi in India - Pg 343
All India Tour, 1915-16
  1. Was being followed by Rajkumar Shukla
CAK Satyagraha's - Add to Notes
Summary of CAK
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Champaran Satyagraha, 1917 - Pg 343
  1. Ill Effects of “Teenkathiya” System
  1. Gandhis First Civil Disobedience
  1. Indigo had lost its value of Natural Dye
Ahmedabad Mill Satyagraha, 1918 - Pg 344
  1. Textile Workers - Plague Bonus ( Part of Salary )
  1. After Economic Difficulty and subsidence of plague - Textile Owners Plague Bonus Retrieved
  1. Workers demanded Salary Hike of 50%
  1. Owners Agreed for
  1. President of Mill Workers Association - Ambalal Sarabhai - Sister of Ambalal = Anusiya Baai
  1. Worker Solidarity, 1918 - Hungers Fast
  1. They Agreed
Kheda Satyagraha, 1918 - Pg 345
  1. Taught Patel
  1. This Taught that : For Gandhian Satyagraha ; Gandhi was not required.
After Effects of CAK
  1. Gandhi Popularity Increased ; Decline of Home Rule Movement
Montford Reforms & GOIA, 1919 - Pg 334
  1. Centre & Provincial Executive Council were ALL POWERFUL but NOT RESPONSIBLE
  1. Montford - Montague(SOS) Chelmsford(Viceroy) Reforms - Pg 336
Schema
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  1. GG / VR & His Viceroy
    1. GG was not responsible to Legislature - No Responsible Government in Centre
  1. Lists - Subject of Administration
    1. Central List - by Centre - { GG & EC of GG had Complete Authority }
    2. Provincial List
      1. Reserved - { GG & EC of GG had Complete Authority } - DEALT WITH POWER
      2. Transferred - by Provincial Ministers - DEALT WITH RESPONSIBILITY
  1. Central Legislature (CL)
    1. More than 100 Members in Central Legislature in Upper House are elected by DIRECT ELECTIONS with only 0.6% if Indians were Enfranchised or Given the Right to Vote (For Educated and Tax Paying Section)
    2. Who were these 0.6% - Hindu Upper Caste and Rich Sections of Society
    3. Ask Questions, Discuss Budget, Reject 25% of Budget,
    4. Bi Cameral Legislature
      1. Lower House (145 Member) - Indian Legislative Council
        1. Forum for Britisher Ruled 60%
        2. Elected Majority
        3. Term 3 Years
      2. Upper House - Council of States
        1. Forum for Princely States 40%
        2. Nominated Majority
        3. Term 5 Years
  1. Provincial Legislatures (PL)
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    1. Executive = Governor + Executive Council + Ministers from Provincial Legislative Council
    2. Provincial Governor and his Executive Council were not Responsible to the Provincial Minsters
    3. Provincial Minsters were responsible to the Governor & his Executive Council
    4. Provincial Legislators were Elected by Local Self Government.
    5. Life of Provincial Minsters were 3 Years
    6. Introduction of Diarchy in Provinces - Most Important
Criticism of Montford Reforms
Special Session of Congress in August, 1918 - Pg 338
Annie Besant - Not Worth It
Tilak - Sunless Dawn
Rowlatt Act - Satyagraha - JBM
Rowlatt Act, 1919 - Pg 346 - Revisit from Lecture
  1. Permanent Implementation of DI(R)A
  1. Development
    1. Defence of India (Regulations) Act, 1915
    2. Sedition/Sidney Rowlatt Committee, 1918
    3. Anarchical & Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 / Rowlatt Act, 1919
  1. Anarchical & Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 / Rowlatt Act, 1919
    1. Suspects could be Detained in Jail for up to 2 Years without Charge
    2. Habeas Corpus not Applicable
    3. Gandhi Called it : Black Act
Rowlatt Satyagraha, 6th - 18th April 1919
  1. Used Members of HRL & Pan Islamists
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre & Predated Protests
Meanwhile Protest in North India from Bengal from Punjab against
Punjab Lt Governor - Micheal O’Dwyer
Air Craft Strafing by Military - Firing from Lower Altitude
Protest in Punjab - 10th April 1919
Saifuddin Kitchlew
Satyapal
By Rowlatt Act they were arrested and sent some place unknown
Protest Against the Arrest
Some Violent - 5 Europeans Killed and a Msisionary Beaten - Marcelk Sherwood
Marshal Law Implemented - 13th April 1919
for this Reginald Dyer was called - Born and Brought up in Punjab
this was implemented in cities
people in Rural Punjab had convened a procession for
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 13th April 1919 - Pg 349
After Effects of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Withdrawal of Rowlatt Act
Gandhi Gave up Qaiser E Hind
Rabindra Nath Tagore gave up Knighthood -
Hunter Commission, 1919 - Pg 351
With Dyer
Bloody Pig Britishers View on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
British Public + House of Lords + British Press + British Seniors of Army - Supported Dyers Act
by Indemnity Act & Whitewashing Act, 1919
Any British Officers who committed violence couldn’t be punished
Dyer couldn’t be punished
Arun Singh Chief Priest of Golden Temple
Morning Post
Fund Collection
Post
Against Dyer
Death of O’Dwyer & Dyer
  1. Dyer - Suicide
  1. O’Dweyer - Assassinated by Udham Singh ( Ram Mohammed Singh Azad)
Khilafat - NCM - CS Ngp & Ahm - Chauri Chaura
Background to Non Co-Operation Movement
NEGATIVE DEVELOPMENTS UNTIL NOW
  1. Rowlatt Act
  1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
  1. Hunters Enquiry
  1. GOIA, 1919
  1. Post War Economic Hardships
POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS UNTIL NOW
  1. Home Rule Movement
  1. Lucknow Pact
  1. Gandhi’s Entry in India
  1. Rowlatt Satyagraha
  1. Khilafat Issue - Acc to Gandhi, God Sent Golden Opportunity to Cement Hindu Muslim Unity
Khilafat Issue
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Khilafat NCM to Congress NCM- Pg 359
Feb 1920
  1. Joint Hindu Muslim Deputation
  1. Chelmsford was non Committal & was beyond his Purview
Feb 1920
  1. Gandhi Declared Punjab Wrongs & Constitutional Advancement was overshadowed by the Khilafat Question
May 1920
  1. Terms of the Treaty of Sevres were Leaked
June 1920
  1. Khilafat Committee Headed by Gandhi BoyCott Suggested
August 1920
  1. Khilafat Non Co-operation Movement Launched on 1 August 1920
  1. Tilak Died on the Same Day
  1. Launched By Gandhi or by Khilafat Committee
September 1920
  1. Congress Non Cooperation Programme headed by Lala Lajpat Rai
  1. Provided Khilafat Committee supported the Dominion & Jallianwala Bagh cause
  1. Now it became Congress Khilafat Non Cooperation Movement
Programme of NCM - VVIMP
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Gandhis Programme of Non Co-Operation in 2 Phases
Phase 1 - Involve Boycotts that didn't violate any Law - Initial Pressure
PLAN
  1. Legislature - First Direct Election of 1920 to be Boycotted ( No In Council Work)
  1. British Administration - Law Court & Police Boycotted
  1. British Goods - Economic Boycott
  1. British Education - Boycott Education
  1. Renunciation of Honours and Titles
EXCEPTIONS
  1. C R Das & Motilal Nehru - They were wanting to contest election but subsided to Party Discipline
UNIQUENESS
All this looks like extremists action but was Subject to Peace and Satyagrah
Phase 2 - Efforts that Violated Law - More Pressure
Congress Session of Nagpur, 1920
Presided by C Vijayaragavachariar
 
Organisational Changes
  1. Creation of CWC - Congress Working Committe
    1. Body Nominated by President 15 Member
    2. Work on Behalf of Congress through out Year
  1. Provincial & Local Level Congress Committees Established
    1. Based on Linguistic Divisions
  1. Membership Fee Reduced
    1. From 6 Ana to 4 Ana
  1. New Constitution for Congress
Hence Congress became Vanguard or Forerunner in National Movement
Ideological Changes
  1. Congress Accepted Gandhis Program of Non Cooperation
  1. Historically dominated by Moderates, they were always into NOT Violating Law
  1. But now Congress Accepted that it would resort to “Peaceful, Legitimate, Extra Constitutional Methods” - i.e they accepted Civil Disobedience
  1. Gandhi Promised Swaraj within a Year
Hence Said, Congress is now not Dominated by Moderates & Extremists but by Gandhians
Leaders who didn’t like Gandhian Satyagrah Resigned
  1. Extremist Resigned
    1. Bipin Chandra Pal
  1. Moderates Resigned
    Spread of NCM
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    1. Bose (4th Ranker in Civil Services) - Managed Calcutta College
    1. Not Indian Liquor
    1. Youngsters and Women - Picketing of Shops Selling Foreign Goods
    LOCAL STRUGGLES
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    WORKER STRIKES
    1. J M Sengupta - Organised
    WHILE NCM
    1. Gandhi Travelled all across Indian with Maulana Ali & Shaukat Ali
    1. Ali brothers were giving Seditious Sentiments against Government
    1. Gandhi was called by Readings to stop seditious speeches
    1. Ali brothers emboldened ; ask muslim soldiers to resign from army.
    1. Ali Brothers were captured and prisoned
    1. Gandhi Angry - All Local Congress Leaders were asked to pass a Similar Resolutions ; How many Local Leaders could be filled in Jail ?
    1. Meanwhile, All Local Peasants ; if they wanted at local level could start civil disobedience
    1. Even Boycott of Prince of Wales in Nov 1921 Edward VIII - didn’t budge the Britishers
    Congress Session of 1921, Ahmedabad - Pg 364
    1. Hakim Ajmal Khan - Supported and Authorised to Launch Civil Disobedience by Congress
    1. Bapu gave ultimatum to Launch Civil Disobedience
    Chauri Chara Incident - VIMP 100 years of Chauri Chaura in 2022
    1. Chauri Chaura - A Village in Gorakhpur in UP
    1. Police Station Burnt & 22 Europeans Burnt
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    The Withdrawal
    Summary
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    Reasons for Withdrawal of NCM
    1. NCM was for 1.5 Years, Hence People were Tired
    1. People were not clear of Gandhian Philosophy, or else Chauri Chaura wouldn't have happened
    1. Passive Resistance is difficult to topple ; but Active Resistance gave britishers way to deploy Police
    1. Khilafat Issue had become Redundant due to Mustafa Kemal Pasha Coupe
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    After Effects of Withdrawal of NCM
    1. Internal Conflict within Congress
    1. Revolutionaries Resorted to Violence again
    1. Gandhi Wrote Articles in Newspaper - Arrested, Trialled & imprisoned to 6 Years in Jail by Bombay High Court
      1. Imprisoned in March 1922 - Supposed to be Imprisoned till March 1928
      2. Came out in Feb 1924, on Health Grounds
      3. For Britishers : Gandhi was worth More Alive than Dead ; If he died people would have revolted and India would have gotten Independence
    Hindu Muslim Unity
    1. Non Co-operation Movement was the Peak of Hindu Muslim Unity due to Khilafat Issue
    Bengal Pact - Constructive Work - Swarajists
    National Movements Post NCM until Gandhi is in Jail
    1. Most Congressmen Followed Gandhis Advice and decided to do Constructive Work
    1. Among Some wanted to do Constructive Work and Contest Elections
    1. Some Congressmen Like C R Das and Motilal Nehru wanted to Contest Elections
    1. Two Groups Evolved (Add Names)
      1. No Changers - Constructive Work
      2. Pro Changers - Constructive Work + Council Work → Also Called Swarajist
    1. Current Congress President was C R Das
      1. Tried to Pass a Resolution to do Legislation Work ; but it failed due to all being Gandhi Followers
      2. Being president he resigned from post because he felt humiliated
    1. C R Das and Motilal Nehru formed - Congress Khilafat Swarajist Party
      1. They wanted Dominion Status for India by ;
      2. They wanted to Contest Elections and Stop the Normal Legislations to be passed in the Parliament and irritate British Indian Government → Extending NCM to Legislation as well
    1. Split of Congress Saved
      1. No Changers accepted Pro Changers in Congress as a Inclusive Group in Congress and were allowed to contest Elections
    1. Gandhi as the only President Ever
      1. To Promote Unity of Pro and No Changers he became President of Congress as he was widely respected by both the Groups
    1. Meanwhile Swarajist Party Existed within Congress and No Changers were involved in Constructive Work ( as in Mobilising Masses to make mass ready when Gandhi came out of Prison)
    1. Swarajist only won 42 seats out of 145 seats in Central Province ; with this they couldnt hinder the Legislations ( End / Mend the Legislations )
    Bengal Pact, 1923
    1. Swarajist shook Hands with Muslim League
    1. Bengal Pact is a Series of concessions given to muslims in Bengal in lieu of Support of Muslim League ; Concessions like 85% reservation to muslims until Hindu Muslim in Govt Jobs were equal in 50% ; this Made Hindus Angry
    1. C R Das died ( Political Guru of Subhash Chandra Bose )
      1. Responsivists - Repeatedly Contested Election (1923,1926,1929, 1930 Resigned from Legislatures)
        1. were ready to respond to Govt thus defying NCM to protect Hindu Interest
        2. They had compromised with main goal of Swarajist party in the name of protection of Hindu Rights
        3. Lala Lajpat Rai, Kelkar and Madan Mohan Malviya
      2. Non Repsonsivists - Didn't contests elections further
        1. were not ready to respond to Govt
        2. Motilal Nehru and Saty Murti
        3. They returned to Constructive Work of Gandhi in Congress
    Constructive Work during NCM
    1. Hindu Muslim Unity
    1. Prohibition of Liquor
    1. Promotion of Khadi
    1. Empowerment of Gandhi
    1. Abolishment of Untouchables
    Achievement of Swarajists
    Installed Indians as Speaker of Central Legislature - Vithhal Bhai Patel
    Tried Defeating Atrocious Bills - Public Safety Bill & Trade Dispute Bill
     
    Spread of Marxist and Socialist Ideas
    Impact of Marxist & Socialist Ideas
    1. Emergence of Socialistic Leaders in Congress - Nehru & Bose
    1. Establishment of Communists Party - M N Roy & Abani Mukherjee
    1. Revolutionaries with a Socialistic Tint - Bhagat Singh & Surya Sen
    Emergence of Leaders & Parties that fought for Depressed Classes
    1. Fought against Upper Caste Dominations
    1. Jyotiba Phule and E V Ramaswamy
    Difference Between Communism and Socialism
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    Spread of Marxist & Socialist Ideals & Anti Caste Efforts
    Summary
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    Socialist Leaders in INC
    1. Classless Society through Equitable Distribution of Wealth
    1. Believed in Ideological Prevalence
    Communist Party of India
    1. Tashkent Conference, 1920
      1. Informally CPI of India Established
    1. Russian Communist Ideology was being propagated by Russian in India and Indian Communist
    1. Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case, 1924
      1. Booked for trying to conduct a meeting of CPI by Britain ;
    1. CPI, 1925
      1. Peasant & Workers causes centre stage
    1. Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929
      1. Again communist were captured
    1. Workers Union & Peasant Associations were being formed due to CPI works and communalism
    Public Safety
    1. Foreigners in India could be deported permanently ; especially foreigners who were propagating communism in India
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    Trade Dispute Bills
    1. Strikes & union Banned ; dispute between workers and owners by mediation only
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    1. Growth of Trade Unionism
    Anti Caste Efforts
    E V Ramaswamy - Self Respect Movement
    B R Ambedkar - Depressed Class Federation
    Hence National Movements Ideology got Diversified
    Revolutionary Activities - II ( Early 1920 to Early 1930 )
    Why did that the Revolutionaries Activities in Phase 2 Start ?
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    Major Influences that pushed revolutionaries to Socialist Ideas ?
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    Sachin Sanyal
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    S C Chatterjee
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    Very Intense RA in Northern & North Western Part of India
    Northern India
    United Provinces-Bihar-Punjab
    Hindustan Republican Association/Army, 1924 (HRA)
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    1. New Name for India : Federal Republic of Unite States of India like USA
    1. Demanded Universal Adult Franchise
    1. 8 Downtown Train in UP stealed the money in Kakori
    Kakori Robbery, 1925
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    1. Many Identified by Govt and Most were caught and executed
    Hindustan Socialist Republican Army, 1928 (HSRA)
    Why came back
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    People
    1. Chandrashekhar Azad
    1. Bhagat Singh
    1. Bhagwati Charan Vohra
    1. They wanted to do the propaganda of showing their ideology to the masses
    1. Meanwhile Simon Commission came to India, In Anti Simon Commission protest were happening, in Lahore LLR was leading
    1. James Scott ordered lathi charge ; LLR succumbed to Injury one month later in November 1928
    1. HSRA wanted to avenge. Hence wanted to kill them
    Lahore Conspiracy Case, 1928
    1. Killed Saunders instead of James Scott
    1. People Involved -
    Central Legislature Bombing, 1929
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    People Involved
    1. Bhagat Singh
    1. B K Dutt
    Reds = Socialist
    Bombing Irwin’s Train, 1929
    1. Vohra was a Bomb Expert
    1. Chandrashekhar Azad - pledge of not being caught by Police
    1. Gandhi v/s BC Vohra
      1. Gandhi -
        2. Bohra -
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    Encounter of Chandrashekhar Azad, 1931
    1. betrayed by Friends : Azad was having a meeting at Alfred Park, Azad had a GunFight
    1. Shot Himself Dead
    Execution of Bhagat Singh & Friends, 1931
    1. 23rd March 1931 - Shaheed Day
    Bengal
    Anushilan Samiti
    Yugantar
    Gopinath Saha & Assasination of Charles Jeggart
    IRA, 1930
    1. Indian Republican Army
    1. Surya Sen - Most Important Activity
    1. Had both Male and Female Members
    1. was a part of NCM and was jailed , after coming out of jail resrtoed to RA again
    Chittagong Armoury Raid, 1930
    1. was successful, flag raised
    1. happened in backdrop of civil disobedience
    1. surya sen captured and executed
    Female Revolutionaries
    Chittagong Armoury Raid, IRA 1930
    1. Pritilata Waddedar & Kalpana Dutt
    1. Participated in Chittagong Armoury Raid
    Charles Stevens, 1931 Assassination
    1. was a DM in Eastern Bengal
    1. were school girls - shanti ghosh & suniti chaudhary
    Stanley Jackson, 1932 Assassination
    1. Point Blank 3 Shots by Bina Das
    1. While Receiving Certificate from Governor
    1. She used a Desi Katta
    1. It was an Ambitious Attemot
    Muslim Participation
    1. Satar
    1. Mir Ahmed
    1. Fakir Ahmed Mian
    Nehru in Congress
    Even Socialist Leaders in congress like Nehru had started supporting revolutionaries ; Wrote a Article supporting them and got jailed for 2 years
    Difference Between the Phase 1 and Phase 2
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    Gandhi - Constructive Work
    1. Praying to God - for an Opportunity to Reunite India - Opportunity in the form of Simon Commission
    Simon Commission
    Birkenhead Challenge
    Whatever Constitutional Reforms Britishers were trying to Implement ; Indians were Dissatisfied ; angered SoS for India Birkenhead Challenge
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    Stanley Baldwin & Simon Commission
    1. Related to GOI Act, 1919 ; Act told that a Statutory commission should be appointed by British Parliament for assessment and reforms
    1. Commission to be appointed in 1929
    1. Stanley Baldwin term was going to end in 1929
    1. Hence, Stanley Baldwin appointed that Statutory Commission of 7 People ( all were white people)
    1. Appointment of that Statutory Commission implied that Indians didn't had any role in deciding their constitutional future
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    Against Simon Commission, Nov 1927
    Clement Attlee - Labour Party, PM of India during Indian Independence
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    Indian Response to Simon Commission - Pg 389
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    Delhi Proposals by Jinnah
    1/3 rd Seats Reserved in 33% & actual population at that time was 23%
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    INC accepted Delhi proposals due to Birkenhead challenge to bring all people on the same ground
    Hindu Mahasabha Proposed
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    The Dilemma of Congress
    Mahasabha & League were 2 contrasting Ends of Spectrum. Hence Congress was playing the Balance Game
    Nehru Report
    Pre Lude to Nehru Report
    INC tried to Draft a Constitution & Nehru Report - All Party Conference Nehru Report / Draft Constitution - Dominion Status ( cuz minorities & depressed classes wanted the Britishers Rule to Continue )
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    Nehru Report
    1. Nehru Report was only concerned with Constitution of British Territories
    1. Representatives of Princely State could sit together and draft constitution for themselves as a whole
    1. Hence, sought dominion status but a federal linkage view
    1. Proposed Broadly Unitary Structure - Centre control all in emergency
    1. Nehru Report Rejected Separate Electorate but wanted Join Electorate
    1. Reservation to Muslims
      1. 25% seats in Central Legislatures
      2. Reservation only in minority provinces
    1. Separation of Judiciary from Executive
    1. Proposed Linguistics Provinces
    1. Decision about new muslim major provinces to be taken after Britishers give dom status
    1. 19 Fundamental Rights & Equal Right for Women
    1. Safeguards to Muslims & Minorities
    1. Proposed that India should be a Secular Country - State to Disassociate itself from any Religion
    1. Legislative Reforms Proposed by Nehru Report
      1. There should be a Bi Cameral Legislature
        1. Upper House - Council of State - 200 - 7 Years
        2. Lower House - House of Rep - 500 - 5 Years
      2. Provincial Legislature - 5 Years
      3. Viceroy
        1. Could be Indian
        2. But had to work in aid and advice of CoM
        3. But he had to be paid through Indian Purse
    1. Conclusion
        2. Nehru Report Proposed a Central Government in Centre and State
    Conflict of Interests
    Publication of Nehru Report had 2 Types of Reaction
    1. Reaction by Congress
      1. Goal - Poorna Swaraj
      2. Independence for India League
      3. President - Sri Nivas Iyengar
    1. Reaction by Jinnah
      1. Wanted a Few Amendments in Draft Constitution
      2. Muslims should get 1/3rd Seats in Central Legislature
      3. Muslims Should get reservation in Majority Provinces as well
      4. Residual Powers should be given to Provinces
      5. Congress Rejected all the Demands of Jinnah by 1928
      6. Hence, Jinnah withdrew his Approval given to Nehru Report
      7. He Joined the Mohammed Shafi Group
    Quaid E Azam’s - 14 Points
    It was a Reaction to Congress not accepting the amendments proposed by Jinnah, that Jinnah proposed his 14 Points, saying that if these were not accepted, muslims would not support Nehru Report
    The Fourteen Points
    1. The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers vested in the provinces
    1. All provinces must be given equal Autonomy
    1. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality
    1. In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one-third
    1. Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by means of the separate electorate at present it shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate
    1. Any territorial distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal Land NWFP provinces
    1. Full religious liberty shall be guaranteed to all communities
    1. No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislature if three-fourths of the members of any community in that body oppose the bill
    1. Separation of Sindh from Bombay
    1. Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan the same footings as in the other provinces
    1. Muslims should be given an adequate share in all services, having due regard to the requirement of efficiency
    1. The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture, education, language, religion and personal laws, as well as for Muslim charitable institutions
    1. One-third representation shall be given to Muslims in both central and provincial cabinets
    1. No change will be made in the constitution without the consent of the provinces
    Calcutta Session of 1929
    Introduction
    1. Motilal Nehru was made president
    1. Congress Adopted and Endorsed Nehru Report
    1. Except for Small Group(Independence for India League), everybody accepted India Report
    1. Gandhi and Moti Lal Nehru tried to convince Independence for India League, as if congress accepted the nehru report, the whole india would
    Agreement Between Gandhi v/s JLN&SCB
    1. SCB & JLN → Pass it to the Britishers, Lets See if they pass it
    1. Bapu Said → We will pass it to britishers and said we will for 2 years
    1. SCB & JLN
      1. They had accepted the status for Dominion Status temporarily
      2. Hence they accepted for 1 Year
    1. Bapu Promised, if Britishers don’t give India the Status of Dominion Status by 31 Dec 1929
    1. Bapu would Launch CDM
    Preparation for CDM, March 1929
    1. INC Established Foreign Cloth Boycott Committee in Calcutta
    1. Gandhi had taken an all India Tour
    1. Gandhi was getting ready for CDM, if Britishers didn't accept Dominion Status
    Irwins Announcement, Oct, 1929
    1. In Oct 1929, Irwin said that
    1. British Govt was working towards August Declaration of Montague of 1917
    1. Simon Commission Enquiry was over
    1. RTC to be done in London, to discuss Simon Commission Report
    1. He Invited Congress, to participate in the Round Table Conference
    Delhi Manifesto, Nov 1929
    Congress Meeting in Delhi in response to Irwins Announcement. They Created Three Demands as
    1. Release Political Prisoners
    1. INC should be given Majority Representation in RTC
    1. Purpose of RTC → Dominion Status to India
    Irwin didn’t commit anything for RTC → This led to CDM
    Lahore Session & Talks of CDM
    Lahore Session, 1929
    1. Gandhi MADE JLN as the President of Lahore Session by Using his Influence
    1. He Said that It was to Appreciate and Celebrate the Rise of Youth In Congress
    1. Gandhi had to use his influence as many congressmen didn't want nehru to be the president as he was a Socialist
    JLN Made Some Historic Announcements
    1. Round Table Conference to be Boycotted
    1. Purna Swaraj will be Goal of INC
    1. CWC was authorised to Launch CDM
    1. New Flag - 31 Dec 1929 by Venkayya Pingali (was a cambridge scholar)
    1. Poorna Swaraj Day - 26 January 1930
        2. because it was the last Sunday of that month
    1. Independence Day Pledge - Poorna Swaraj Pledge - By Gandhi
        2. People who took this pledge had to promise that they will not submit to the britishers or the pledge in India
    Gandhi Issued Ultimatum to Viceroy, Jan 1930
    Dates
    1. Forwarded on 1 January 1930
    1. Deadline by Gandhi was 31 January 1930
    Explanations of the Demands
    1. Total Prohibition - Of Alcohol
    1. Proposed Reduction of Cost of Postage
    1. 1 S 4 D - Rupees Sterling Parity
        2. 1 British Pound = 12 Shilling
        1 Shilling = 20 Pennies
    1. Important Point
        2. Gandhi Issued this Ultimatum, to politicise Indians. CDM was being launched for Poorna Swaraj But he didn’t ask for Poorna Swaraj Directly in the Ultimatum
    1. Gandhi made clear that if the 11 points were ignored, there was no way out but the Civil Disobedience
    The 11 Points
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    The Central Themes was
    Salt and Allied Tax on Indians
    Why Directly CDM and Not NCM and then CDM ?
    Because the second phase of gandhi satyagraha that is CDM was pending from 1922, when NCM was called off due to chauri chaura
    Detailed Facets of CDM
    The Program of CDM
    1. was to start with Salt Satyagrah
    1. Original Place decided was Borsal in Gujarat
    1. But it ultimately happened in Dandi
    1. The Plan was same as that of NCM with the Only Addition of trying to break the Salt Law as and when Possible
    CDM ( 1930 - 1934 )
    CDM Phase 1 ( April 1930 - March 1931 )
    Starting of CDM
    Dandi March
    1. Rally Started on 12 March 1930
    1. Violated Salt Law on 6th April 1930
    1. Gandhi was Arrested and Imprisoned in Pune in Yerwada Jail
    1. Started Translating Songs from Indian Religion to English
    1. May 4 1930, Gandhi wrote to Irwin explaining to raid Dharasana Salt Works
    1. Gandhi was Arrested
    After Arrest New Campaign Announced by Congress
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    These were all in Addition to Violation of Salt Laws
    Spread of Civil Disobedience Movement - Very Important Data
    1. 4th Son of Gandhi married to Daughter of Rajagopalachari
    1. Vedaranniyam - is near Tanjore
    1. Student Participation in Assam - Cunningham Circular banned students from participating in Civil Disobedience
    1. Bengal
      1. in CDM - IRA Chittagong Army Raid
      2. Hence Bengal was the most violent province during Civil Disobedience
    1. Nakha Pond - Bihar - Ambika Kant
    1. Chhota Nagpur (Jharkhand) - Gandhi Daaru - Deshi Liquor
    1. Province reacted most violently to arrest of Gandhi was Sholapur
    1. Peshawar is in NWFP - Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan follower Gandhi (Frontier Gandhi)
      1. His Followers used to wear Red Color Shirts and Hence Called Reds
      2. They were called Khudai Khidmatgars
      3. They established a Parallel Government in Peshawar
      4. Gharwal Rifles was deployed here in Peshawar ; were asked to fire ; but they refused firing on unarmed public
    1. Hasan Imam, Madan Lal & Sarojini Naidu - arranged raid in Darasana Salt Work → Hence this Inspired Similar Episodes all over India
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    Manipur & Nagaland
    1. Uprising by
      1. Rani Gaidinliu - Imprisoned in 1932 and then in Prison for next 14 Years
      2. Haipou Jadonang - Executed by British 1931
    Innovative Methods
    1. Participating in Early Morning Musical Procession (PRABHAT PHERI) singing Patriotic Songs ; Inspiring people t Participate in CDM
    1. Children were participant in CDM ; Groups of Children. Vanar Sena ( Monkey Army ) & Manjari Sena ( Cat Army )
    1. Indira Gandhi was Part of Vanar Sena
    Events of Mass Participation
    Women
    Students
    Merchants & Petty Traders
    Tribes Women & Peasants
    Muslim - Much Lower than NCM
    No fo People arrested who got arrested during CDM was 3 times more than NCM
    Govt Under Pressure - Pg 396 around
    1. Revenue Declined - Due to use of Swadeshi
    1. Import of Foreign Goods - Fall to 50%
    1. Responsivist - Resigned form Legislature
    1. Election of Legislative Assembly were Largely Boycotted
    Simon Commission Report & RTC - Pg 391 - July August 1930
    Recommendations
    1. Didn't recommend a responsible government at Centre
    1. Responsible Government & Autonomy to Provinces.
    1. He Also Recommended the abolition of Dyarchy in Provinces as it was a Hinderance to Administration
      1. to Promote Regional Political Parties to be Promoted Strongly ; This would lead to lessened influence of Congress in India ; Thus weakening the National Movement
    1. He recommended Separate Electorate be continued and if required to be expanded and extended to to other committees as well
    1. he didn't recommend universal adult franchise ; Hence franchise had to be limited
    1. He recommended the formation of new muslim majority provinces and legislatives powers
    1. he recommended separation of Sindh from Bombay & Burma from India
    1. he recommended recruitment of more Indians in the armed forces
    Once Published, it was made compulsory to discuss the Simon Commission Report → Round Table Conference
    Irwin contacted Tej Bahadur Sapru & M R Jayakar and asked them to convince congress leaders to join RTC → Nehru & Motilal Nehru → They went to Gandhi in Yerwada → Congress boycotted First RTC & demanded cession from British
    RTC 1 ( Nov 1930 - Jan 1931 )
    1. It was a failure and it was made evident in RTC 1
    Gandhi Irwin Pact / Delhi Pact - 5 March 1931
    1. Except for 2 demands all demands were accepted
      1. An Official Enquiry into Police Atrocities during CDM
      2. Gandhi was not able to secure release of Bhagat Singh & his Friends
    1. In Return Gandhi agreed to Suspend not withdraw CDM ; Supre was Instrumental in this negotiations
      1. But this decision to withdraw CDM was decison of gandhi and not Congress
      2. to know view of COngress a Special seession was organised
    Karachi Session of INC, 1931
    1. Headed by Sardar Vallab Bhai Patel
    1. 7 days beofre bhagat singh was executed ; hence when he went to session gandhi was black flagged
    1. happenigns
      1. Congress sadi even if they didnt accept the methods of rev they respect their sacrifise and called them martyrs
      2. Gandi irwin pact was accepted by congress
    1. 2 important reoslutions by congress
      1. Fundamnetal Rights
      2. National Economic Program
        1. USury - Loan at Very High INteerst Rates
    Truce Period - March 1931 - Dec 1931
    Vande Matram Dog Anecdote
    RTC 2 - Walked out
    1. RTC 2 ( Sep 1931 - Dec 1931 )
    1. INC & Gandhi Deadlock
    1. Minorities Pact
      1. All most al the minorrties and depressed lasses wnated Seprate electorate
      2. Gandhi was gnerally against separate electorate but especially against depressed classes → or else it would have crated a pemrnant divide in hindus and thus indian society
    Sporadic Episodes
    Cmaoign in UP
    Khudai Khidgmatgar supressed in India
    Proetts in Jail anf firin on prisoners
    STS - Struggle Truce Struggle
    Until Truce
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    Gandhis Plan
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    CDM Phase 2 ( Dec 1931 - Apr 1934)
    Ramsay McDonald Announced 4 imp things after RTC 2
    1. Muslim Majority Provinces
    1. Indian Consultative Committees
      1. Include Rep from British Indian Territory & Princely States
    1. Expert Committees
      1. Formation of 3 Expert Committees
        1. Finance
          1. what money to provincial legislature
        2. Franchise
          1. what franchise to be given acc to Simon
        3. State
          1. what kind of relationship between govt of india and princely states
    1. Communal Award - what is communal award was told by viceroy; if indians dont come to a decision the brithsers will take decision on their behalf
    Events in India after Gandhi came back
    Gandhi came back and started CDM again
    Requested audience with new vcieroy wellington. instead gandhi and all congress leaders at all levels from national to local levels -. arrested and imriosned
    congress was declared illegal
    now govt started supporting and conatctinfg and making pacts with communities for seprate electorate
    Govt made sure that second phase of CDM failed miserably
    Communal Award & Poona Pact, 1932
    1. Gandhi was in Jail, According to Communal Award Gandhi started a indefinitie hunger strike against separte elctorate for depressed classes
    1. if gandhi had died there would have been a seroous violence against depressed classes
    1. hence ambedkar had to make agreement with gandhi - Poona PAct 24 Sep 1932
      1. separete lectorate was sruck down, reserved seats were given
      2. Data Pendign from SS
    Harijan Movement
    1. Harijan - Sons of God
    1. AIAUL - All India Anti U Leagure
    1. NP - Harijan, Hari Bandhu & Hari Sevak
    gandhi release from jail in august 1933
    withdrew CDM in Apr 1934
    2 fasts in 1934 to show support for the cause of untouchability
    wne tto the extent to say that if hindu scriptures supported untouchalbility ; ignore the scirptures
    difference between gandhi and ambedkars view of caste system
    RTC Phase 3 ( Nov 1932 Dec 1932)
    Poona Pact was accepted
    CDM Phase 3
    Post RTC and CDM
    Summary & Chronology - Pg 406
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    Differences of Opinion between Congress Leaders
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    Constructive Work
    Council Entry & Central Legislature -
    MA Ansari & Phulabai - Criticism increased
    STS v/s SC Strategy
    Leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawahar Lal Nehru criticised gandhi
     
    STS - Struggle Truce Struggle Strategy
    SV - Struggle Victory Strategy
    Gandhi Resigned from Basic Membership of Congress in Oct, 1934
    Even if he was not a part of congress, he was a spiritual leader of the national movement people
    Spiritual Leader of National Movement
    Meanwhile involved in Constructive work and Harijan Work
    Congress with resign of Gandhi allowed Council Entry by Eelctions
    Elections to Central Legilature happened in Nov 1934 acc to GOI 1919
    Congress were victorius in 45 Seats out of 75 Seats
    Meanwhile, British Parliament had formulated GOI, 1935
    Major Influences behind GOI Act, 1935
    1. Nehru Report
    1. Simon Commission Report
    1. Round Table Conference
    1. Poona Pact
    1. White Paper
    1. Joint Select Committee
    1. Expert Committees
    Provision of GOI Act, 1935 = ULTA Act of - { Inverse of 1919 && Current Constitution } → POINT OF NO RETURN
    Important Basic Pointes
    1. SoS of India → Council of India (15 Members) → Abolished
    1. Burma was Separated from British India but was under British Control
    1. New SoS for India was Dundas / Zetland
    1. Act Mandated that Provincial Governor had to report directly to the Secretary of State
    Central
    Lists Schema → Diarchy & Reposbiel Government
    Chief Minister in Province in GOIAct 1935 was called a Premier
    Inverse of Dyarchy - Provincial Abolished & Central Dyarchy Created
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    Central Legislature
    Bi Cameral Legislature
    1. Lower House - Federal Assembly - 5 Years - 375
    1. Upper House - Council of States - Permanent - 260
    Schema
    Hyderabad - Richest of the World
    Bilbari Union - 1 Sq Km 100 People
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    Provincial
    Congress Election Data
    Congress Contested in election of 1937 and formed government in 8 by 11 provinces → 28 months of congress rule in provinces
    Efforts of INC - Various Perspectives
    INC Perspective
    Summary - INC
    1939 - Bose Predicted War in Europe
    Hence he asked Gandhi to start civil disobedience
    earlier truss of gandhi and bose
    bose insisting gandhi crated dicosnrntmt amonsgt boses cwc
    hence he resigned
    new presdient - rajdnra prasad
    bose launched - Forward Block ( group within congress) , 1939 and urged congress to launch CDM ; bose was until now sidelined ; bose was convinced that gandhian methods wouldnt bring poorna swaraj
    he was the opinion that by any means poorna swaraj should be achieved
    for gandhi : means satyagrah and end poorna swaraj both were important (
    ideological difference both respected each other
    Attitude of Muslims & Muslims League
    Mohammed Iqbal - Urdu POet
    1. through his poems and writings was insisting that muslims in india need a separate nation
    1. this suggestion caught attention of rehmat ali ; he was studying law in 1933
    Chaudhary Rehmat Ali
    1. in 1933 rehmat ali published a pamphlet ; now or never are we live or to perish forever ; he called this nation as Pakstan included
    Punjab Afgahnistan Sindh Balochistan
    muslims were deamanding a cotinet called DINIA (Continet ) Dominated by people related to various relgions
    like all chritisanit, persians, sikhs etc
    Also they started asking for nations like Bangistan and in South India Osmanistan
    Communal Sentiments, was so engrossed that congress was working for poorna swaraj and muslims were wanting their own nations
    Muslims league was not echoing this but was angry with congress due to win in 1937 election
    attrocious works for by congress ministers
    1. Ban Cow Sluaghter
    1. Use of Hindi was prmoted over Urdu
    1. Gandhi came up with Wardha scheme of education
      1. why was gandhi in vardha, when gandhi launched cdm in 1930 if i do not achieve poorna swaraj this sytem i will not return to sabarmati
      2. wardha scheme of education inspired congress ministers to come up with vidya mandir scheme
        1. school education was to be provided from temple premises : muslim studetns had to go to temple premises
        2. Muslims schools were not allowed to pray for 5 times in a day ; cuz congress wanted the education to be secukar
    Muslims leagues session in 1938 in Pirpur committee and appointed pirpur committess
    1. Work of Pirpur committee was to probe into attoricty by by congress ministers against muslism
    1. Hence Communalism had reached peak in India at this tiem
    1. Two pokitical parties were locking horns and there goals were mutaully exclusive
    Effects of WW2 on Indian National Movement
    In this scenario second World War 2 started (1 September 1939 - 2 September 1945 )
    1. when hitler invaded poland in repsonse britihsers started war
    Axis Powers - Japan Italy Germany
    1. Japan
      1. Emperor - Hirohito
      2. PM - Hideki Tojo
    1. Italy - Mussolini
    1. Germany - Hitler
    Allied - France, America, Britian, Soviet Union
    1. USSR - Jospeh Stalin
    1. USA - F D Roosevelt
    1. UK - Winston Churchill
    Major part USA didnt particiapate, 1941
    Soviet Union started from mid 1941
    major brunt of war was taken by Britian
    Hitlere tried to defeat Britain and launched operation to Sealion, sep 1940
    operation resulted in serious damages
    hitler abandoned operation Sealion
    Hitler launched ambitious invasion of ussr with 40 lac troops
    operation barbarosa, june 1941
    Hitler practically dominated whole of europe in world war 2
    what hitler did in Europe ; japan did in Asia
    japan inabded china, burma ( british one)
    japanese attacked pearl harbour in 1941 and hence usa entered the war
    surrendered
    Italiy - sep 1943
    germany - may 1945
    world war 2 came to an end in europe may 1945 ; only axis powers japan was not surrendering
    USA Sent - Mac Arthur
    UK Sent - Mountbatten
    they had to make japan surrender
    before japan could do anything, USA nuked hiroshoma nagasaki and japan surrendered on 15 august 1945
    same Mountbatten became viceroy of india and chose 15 august 1945
    Development of National Movement the backdrop of World War 2
    British declared that India would be a party to a War without consulting Indian Opinion
    CWC Meeting of Wardha
    1. INC - Conditional Support
      1. Constituent Assembly
      2. Responsible Government @ Centre
    1. Gandhi - Unconditional Support
      1. Justice on British Side
    1. Socialists - Imperialistic War
      1. Immediate CDM be Launched
    1. Nehrus - Most Brilliant Opinion - WARDHA RESOLUTION
      1. No Indian Participant till India itself was free
      2. NO CDM Immiedietely
      3. British should clear their intention of War of be clear
      4. Backdrop
        1. No Opinion made real sense, except for that of Jawahar Lal Nehru
        2. Allied was telling they were saviours of democracy, nehru said give us a pre-democratic government,
    1. Even Gandhi changed his opinion to that of nehru, viceory was Linlithgo
      Viceroys Response & Question of Immediate CDM
      Linlithgow - Britain is just resisting aggression
      after war minority consulted
      council of india be established
      not ready to compromise with congress
      governments hidden agenda - Linlithgow wanted the congress to launch a mass movement
      If Mass Movement Done
      they would be anto british
      meaning they would be pro axis
      meaning they would be supportes of monarchy
      hence vionece coud bne used against congress to supress national movmenet
      Response to Linlithgow Statement
      Rejected viceorys statement
      INC Ministers Reisgned
      Demanded Gandhi for CDM in 1939
      Reasons for Gandhi not Launching Mass Movement in 1939
      1. Justice was on British Side
      1. Congress was organisationally weak as congressmen were involved in council work for a long time
      1. Hence people were not politicised yet and weren't ready for a CDM
      1. communal feelings in India were very intense which could have let to communal riots
      Congress was angry with govt and getting impatient with gandhi
      CWC Meeting organised in Allahabad,
      1. Congress declared that second world was imperialistic.
      1. Congress urged the britishers to grant constituent assembly for India
      ML Celebrated Resignation of Congress Ministers as
      1. as DELIVERANCE DAY on 22nd December 1939
      Linlithgows Compromise, Jan 1940
      1. India will get dominion status after war
      1. congress leaders lost their patience
      Three Important Decisions, March 1940
      1. Ramgarh
        1. Congress -
          1. in March 1940 Congress Convened a meeting with president Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
          2. Decisions
            1. Goal was Poorna Swaraj & Not dominion status
            2. Congress not launching CDM, was not due to sentiments towards British, but only if
              1. They were organisationally ready
              2. or there was a Crisis
            3. Until then India would help British in War by Paying Taxes
        2. Bose -
          1. All India Anti Compromise Conference
          2. Forward Block
          3. All India Kisan Sabha - Peasant Wing of CPI founded by Swami Sajjadanad Saraswati
          4. they insisted that
            1. tax should not be paid by indians and
            2. congress should launch CDM immediately
      1. Lahore
        1. Muslim League -
          1. Pakistan Resolution on 23rd March 1940 passed
          2. Grouping of Geographically Continuos Parts of India into 2 muslims states
            1. NW & NE Separate states
            2. Mulism in Minoirty on other parts of india by safeguards such as Reservation Etc
      Europe Happening
      1. Only Allied Power Against Germany Axis Hitler was Britain and British were not ready to surrnder
      1. Hitler launched Operation Sea Lion in 1940
      Prelude to August Offer, 1940
      1. British Government Gave offer to Indians
      1. cuz of Britishers badly needed support of Indians, Indians contributed a Lot to World War 2
      1. with the contribution made by India to second world war 2 ; we could have purchased 250 Aircraft Carrier in 1945
      August Offer, 1940
      1. Dominion Status - to India at end of war
      1. Majority of Viceroy council would be Indians - by Mid 1941 8 out of 11 members were indians
      1. Constituent assembly for india after war having mainly Indians
      1. a constitution not acceptable to minorities would be not be accepted and finalised - Gave Veto Power to Muslims
      Nehru Response to August Offer, 1940
      1. cuz of Dominion Status & Veto to Minority - Nehru Called it as Dead as Doormat
      Gandhi Response to August Offer, 1940
      1. During WW2 Various Liberties curbed, august offer was atrocious
      1. he wanted to make clear that Indians were not weak, but were giving them time in delaying Non Cooperation Movement
      1. Individual Satyagraha
        1. Anti War Procalmation by an Indiuciial on OUtskirts
        2. If not arrested then go inside village
        3. do war proclamation inside village
        4. and then march unde banner of Delhi Chalo Andolan fo a walk few miles
        5. First Indivisual Staygrahi was Vionbha Bhave in Pavaner Mharastgra on 17 OCtober 1940
        6. this 1000 of stayagrahi politicside lakhs of iNdians
        7. and thousands of Individual stayagrahis were arretsed
      Japanese Success in World War 2
      1. Jpaanese succesful in south asia
      1. they had started attacking burma
      1. and now bext target of japanese would be India - the most precious gem of british
      1. Biriths oculd loose India
      1. All CWC was released by jan 1941
      British in Need of Indian Support in World War 2
      1. Congress Agreed, Gandhi Nehru Denies
      1. Congress agreed to co-operation by 2 demands
        1. Power at centre be transferees immediately to India especially defence and finance
      Crips Proposal
      Gandhi Announced his Political Successor
      Same time gandhi announced that nehru would be his political successor
      Crips Proposal, March 1942
      Crips came to India to understand the demands of Congress and finally proposed a plan called Crips Proposal, March 1942
      1. Indian Side - Nehru and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
      1. British Side - Crips Proposal
      1. Crips Proposal was a Old Wine in New Bottle
      1. Crips Proposal - Dominion, Constituent Assembly, Only Indians, Mechanism, Blue Print
      1. Hence we say that Crips Proposal contained blue print for Indias Partition
      1. UN 1945 - Even before Independence India became a founding member of UN
      Response to Crips Proposal
      1. Gandhi - Called it a Post Dated Cheque
      1. ML - Didn't support Crips Proposal due to th clause of part of india sepearting from Indian union
      1. Quit India Movement - Primary reason for Gandhi launching CDM (Quit India Movement)
      Quit India Movement
      Quit India Movement, 1942 - Pg 484
      Why Launched / Background
      1. Failure of Cripps Proposals
      1. Economic Buden on Indians
        1. War Time Problem
        2. Increaed Taxed
      1. Indians had lost their confidence and faith in british ruler like they werent able to protect burma, even in the wake of defeat britishers didnt support and helped the colored people
      1. Possibility of Britishers resorting to Scorcehe Earth Policy by Britishers to efeat japan
          2. Scorched Earth Policy - Military Tactic by Britishers
          1. Destrotng your own reosurces to prevent an INvasion
          1. destroyed crops & Posined wtaer - Weaken Army - Japan Defeat
      1. Dented Presitge & Racial Attitude
      1. To Condition the Masses against possible japanese invasaion
      Happenings
      1. CWC Warsha 14 July 1942 - Decision made to laucnh a meeting
        1. Jawahar lal Nehru & Saradar Patel
      1. Gowalia Tank Meeting, Bombay - AICC Meeting
        1. Quit India coined by Yousuf Meher Ali
        2. AICC 8 August 1942 - Quit India Resolution
          1. Immedicate end to BRtish Ruel in INdia
          2. India to defend Itself against fascism and imeprialism
          3. Provisional Govenemn od India
          4. Cviisl Disobedeince Meeting
      Gandhis Message to Masses
      1. Similar Agenda like CDM & NCM wouldn't work this time
      1. Gandhi Challenged the masses and played with psychology
      1. Gandhis Speech & Slogan ( Do or Die )
          2. Speech
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        1. Do or Die
          1. We either free India, or die in that attempt
      British Response & Reaction
      1. British didnt want such a Mass Movement
      1. Vritishers woke the leaders caught them and sent them to unknown destinations
      1. worst stargtoc mistakes of britihsers
      1. no one to even houst flah on 9th august 1947
      1. Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the flag
      1. in absence of leaders, people reosorted to violence
      1. Broke Myths like
        1. Indians were incapable of violence
      1. no party could take ownership of the movement
      QIM - Spontaneous Movement of People
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      1. During QIM govt alone was repsonsbile for death of 10,000 indians by govet estimates
      1. Lower Level Birevrats and policemn gave up support of british and upper lebel bureacrats were really disheratned
      Important Student Leaders
      1. Kusha Mehta - Mobile Radio Transmitters in a Van in Bombay
      1. Aruna Asaf Ali - Hoisted National Flag in Bombay
      Parallel Government
      Violence was intense people captured govt buildings and established parallel governments
      Governments Details
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      Mass Participation
      1. muslim participation - no where close to that of NCM
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      Important Development
      1. ML didn't support QIM - Need for Pakistan
      1. Communists Didn't support - Russia was expecting help from Britain, Germany Invaded USSR, Britain's success depended upon India
      1. Princes Didn't Support - they were happy under crowns rule
      1. Hindu Mahasabha - didn’t trust congress wrt minority
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      Year 1943
      Gandhis Hunger Strike, Feb 1943
      1. He didn’t condemned the people but the violence by government
      Pakistan Day, 23 March 1943
      Muslim League on 23 March 1943 celebrated Pakistan Day or Pakistan Resolution Day
      Famine of 1943
      1. Eastern India - importing rice from South East Asia was under japan
      1. The great begal famine 1943
      1. 30 lac people died
      Year 1944
      Year of Disaster for Gandhi, 1944
      1. Mahadev Desai in 1943 - his pa his left and right gandhi
      1. his wife kasturba gandhi died
      1. conditions in country was trciky
      1. most wanted poorna swaraj and ml wanted pakistan
      1. one of the most important congress leader
      The CR Formula, July 1944
      CR Formula, July 1944
      1. with Gandhis approval CR published a pamphlet in July, 1944with approval of gandhi
      1. Pamphlet Name : The Way Out
      1. had in-approval control of gandhi
      1. Proposals of CR
        1. Plebiscite is like a Poll
        2. Both Countries will have a common union government controlling - Defence, Commerce & Communication
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      Rejected by
      Sikhs would have lost Punjab
      Hindu Mahasabha - India wold become small
      National Liberal Federation - wanted union government
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      Objection by Jinnah
      1. Only Muslims could vote in Plebiscite
      1. Only Muslims could vote
      1. he compelled CR & Congress to support Two Nation Govt - Gandhi and CR didnt accept
      There was no Unanimous agreement on the matter of United & Divided India
      Year 1945
      Liaquat Pact, January 1945
      1. Bhulabhai Desai & Liyaqat Ali Khan ( VP of Muslim League)
      1. to form interim/provisional/temporary government at centre
      1. They wanted to anyhow form a provisional government
      1. Parity Between the congress and the League
      The Proposal
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      Wavell Plan & Shimla Conference, May/June 1945
      Inspiration & Background
      1. Inspiration by Desai Liaqat Pact
      WW 2 in Europe War - Only Japan was fighting
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      1. was about creating of provisional government with support of various political parties
      1. Proposals
        1. Structure : Gov General + Commander in Chief + 10 Indians
        2. This would work as a Interim Government
        3. Viceroys veto would be based on aid & advice of Indians in Executive Council
        4. different political parties could give a list of nominations for viceroys to choose from ; or could have a joint list as well
        5. here the Hindus and muslims minister in the interim government would be equal
          6. Schema
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      Jinnahs Counter to Wavell Proposals
      All the Muslims Minsters in the Government should be from Muslim League not from any other party
      With this Jinnah tried to paint a picture that congress was a Hindu Party
      Mulsim League didnt had a veto, but by this prposals, jinaah exersiced a virtual veto
      due to jinnahs suggestion and proposals, shimla conference was wrecked
       
      Two Questions still wanting answers ?
      1. To have a United or Divided India
      1. How to form a Provisional Government
      Bose & Indian National Army - Pg 494
      💡
      2023 is 80th Year of Subhash Chandra Bose
      The Initial Story
      1. Arrested & Imprisoned in Mid 1945
      1. Against Memorial Hall well
      1. Subhash Chandra Bose disguised himself as a Muslim Insurance Agent Ziauddin ; with the help of Bhagat Ram (was a spy for 5 countries) via Peshawar reached Afghanistan
      1. From Afghanistan he reached Russia
      1. but before he could reach Russia, Hitler invaded Russia
      1. Bose understood that USSR couldn't help him
      1. he went to Axis Powers, in Italy by the name of Orlando Mazzatto
      1. Bose asked Hitler to give him the India army captured so that it could be raised against the British
      1. Bose stayed in Germany (Dussel) and gave speeches to unite and call Indians to join Army
      1. Bose’s Secretary was Abid Hasan - Suggested to give a WarCry - He chose the Slogan Jai Hind
      1. Jai Hind was Coined by a South Indian living in Germany called Champaka Raman Pillai. He used to use his words in his telephonic conversation
      1. Here Japan was friends of Germany, hence with the help of Germany, Bose could launch an attack from South East Asia which was at that time under control of Japan
      1. In Japan he used a Identity - Abid Hussain ; Met Hideki Tojo
      1. Hideki Tojo → gave him the Indian army war soldiers to him for Raising an Army Against Britishers
      1. Japan asked Bose to go to Singapore in South East Asia
      1. Singapore was because ; similar minded people of Bose ; Mohan Singh created in INA 1942 with 1600 soldiers from war prisoners of India.
      1. Rash Bihari Bose in Japan had established India Club of Tokyo in 1925 - ICT was doing propaganda against Western colonial powers
      1. During WW2 - Rash Bihari Bose thought that it was time to free India so he established IIL - Indian Independence League, 1942 (IIL)
      1. Meeting of IIL, 1942 in September - Mohan Singh’s INA was placed under IIL
      1. Rash Bihari Bose liked Subhash Chandra Bose immensely
      1. Rash Bihari Bose happily transferred control of Indian National Army ; S Bose was made commander of Indian National Army by R Bose in South Easy Asia on 25 August 1943
      1. R Bose died 4 year Later due to ill health of lungs
      Bose’s Formal Government
      S Bose on 21 October 1943 - Launched a Formal Govt by Bose internationally which was recognised by axis powers and their allies
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      Until Now Subhash Chandra Bose had
      1. Formal - Army
      1. Formal - Government recognised by Axis Power
      1. Formal Territory
      1. Formal - Radio - Azad Hind Radio
      1. Japan had transferred the already captured Andaman Island
      1. He was called : Neta Ji
      1. He gave the Slogan : “Give me blood & I shall give you Freedom”
      Japan transferred Andaman and Nicobar under its control to S Bose
      1. transfereed on nov 6 1943
      1. he Renamed them from Andaman & Nicobar to Shahid and Swaraj deep
      1. He appointed Viceroy for these Islands - Logan Arthur
      This Army declared war on
      1. Britain & USA ( cuz of Germany)
      1. subsequently as Japanese had controlled over Burma
      Shifting of HQ to rRangoon in Burma, January 1944
      Azad hind radio from rangoon
      INA invaded North Eastern Part of India with help of Japan, April 1944
      Kohima & Imphal Campaign
      Kohima Campaign, 1944
      Imphal Campaign, 1944
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      Colonel Maalik - was an Important Commander of INA
      Maalik hoisted Indian Flag in Moirang in 14 April 1944 Moirang Manipur
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      As Allies were concentrating on Japan, Japan had to retreat from South East Asia hence INA had to recede back
      Speech of 6 July 1944 on Radio from Rangoon
      1. sought blessings of Gandhi
      1. called Gandhi as Father of Nation
      1. Gandhi used to Glorify Bose - He called Bose as “Prince Amongst the Patriots “
      Japanese officially surrendered on 15 August 1945
      INA Lost support of Japanese
      Soldiers of INA started surrendering to British
      Bose escaped from South East Asia in a Flight and allegedly died in Taipei in Taiwan in Flight Crash on 18th August 1945
      These Indian Soldiers of INA were called - INA Prisoners of War. They were about 7000 of them
      Post World War 2 Scenarios
      Summary of Changes in World
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      Major Changes in World After WW2
      1. After the War a New World World was Born
      1. Britain Lost Significance
      1. 2 New Super Power were born
        1. Capitalistic Superpower - USA → Democracy Advocates
        2. Socialistic Superpower - USSR → Socialism and Communism Advocates
      1. This Brought an Ideological Conflict
      1. They didn't fight directly because of Nuclear Capabilities
      1. Atmosphere of Hostility - War Like Situation - Cold War (1945-1991)
      1. Here there was a Scene of Polarisation of Various Countries
        1. Cold War Resulted in Bi Polar Politics
        2. in Atmosphere of Cold War & Bi Polar Politics
        3. Britains relative position in World had declines
      1. Ideology of Communism
        1. Many countries in eastern part of Europe were rooting for Socialism
            2. these later became satellite states of ussr
        2. Countries like Britain had to address in their backyard that is in Europe
        3. This Socialistic Wave swept across the world
      1. Rise of Anti Imperialistic Wave
        1. with Rise of USSR there was a Anti Imperialistic Wave came
        2. especially in Africa and Asia
      Britains relative position after WW2
      1. Relative Position of Britain Declined
      1. Rise of Anti Imperialistic Wave
      1. Rise of Socialistic Sentiments
      1. Defeat of Churchill in the Election after World War 2
          2. Clement Attlee became PM
          He was Part of Simon Commission
          Labour Party had Sympathy Towards India
      Summary of Changes in India
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      Major Changes in India After WW2
      1. There was a New India in Making
      1. Communal Sentiments were very high
      1. ML and Cong couldn't put up with each other any more
        1. Whether to have a united or divided India
        2. Modalities to form a interim government
      1. All earlier efforts like CR Formula, Wavell Plan, Liaqat Pact had failed
      1. Many People across Many Territories had become violent
        1. Episodes : From Spectrum Page 494 & Around
      1. INA Trial of 7000 Prisoners - Trials were scheduled to be done in November 1945
      1. Clement Attlee in power said : Election will be conducted in India will be conducted in Dec, 1945
          2. Last Election was in 1937
          After Election a CA of Indians would be Established
      1. In this election all parties made INA trials an issue
          2. created a manifesto around it
          made it India v/s British
          INA War Prisoners represented people from all walks of life, status, caste and religion
          Most were from Madras Presidency
      INA Trials
      1. Britishers were on a tight rope, Because Indians had politicised the Issue
      1. Britishers wanted to show that they were neutral in dealing with this issue.
      1. Hence on the first day they trialled three people i.e Hindu, Muslim & Sikh together
        1. Prem Kumar Sehgal
      1. Congress Represented Them
        1. JLN
        2. Kailashnath Katju
        3. Tej Bahadur Sapru
      1. Congress also celebrated
        1. INA Week 5 to 11 Nov
        2. INA Day - 12 Nov 1945
      1. They made a
        1. INA Relief & Enquiry Committee
      1. Britishers had established rule on
        1. Military
          1. British Military Started Sympathising with INA Soldiers
          2. This Rattled Indian Soldiers
        2. Bureaucracy
          1. Lower Level - De Moralised during QIM
          2. Higher Level - De Moralised
      1. Violent Uprisings due to INA Trials
        1. 21 Nov 1945 - In Bengal
        2. 11 Feb 1946 - Commander of INA Imprisonment of 7 Years. His name was Rashid Ali - Uprising in Bengal - Youth Participated in Uprising
        3. 18 Feb 1946
      RIN Mutiny - Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
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      Indian Navy
      1. were given unpalatable food
      1. Racial abuse
      1. one soldier called B C Dutt working in HMIS Talvaar in Bombay Branch - Balai Chand Dutt
      1. HMIS - His Majesties Indian Ship
      1. he had written Quit India on the Ship
      1. he was arrested and Imprisoned
      1. enough was enough
      1. Few Ships were docked in Bombay - 1000 Indian People in the Fleet
      1. they sympathised with INA Prisoners
      1. They Mutinied against the Authorities of Indian Navy
      1. Started thrashing & Attacking Europeans in Bombay
      1. People supported them
      1. Similar mood throughout all military establishment in India
      Who convinced the Military to surrender
      Leader like patel and Jinnah convinced them to surrender after 5 days on 23 Feb 1945
      Within these 5 days britishers had learnt their lesson
      because they thought that politics should not be a subject of military or else it would lead to military coups in India
      Final Nail in the Coffin
      Result of Election of Dec 1945
      Communal Voting in India
      1. Most Non Muslims voted for Congress
      1. Most Muslims voted for ML
      This led to
      1. Rise of Congress and Muslim League in Indian Politics
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      Inevitable British Withdrawal
      1. Intense Nationalism for Poorna Swaraj
      1. Problems with Bureaucracy
      1. Limitations of British Policy
      1. Erosion of Governments Authority & Prestige
        1. Due to WW2
        2. Govt Authorities weren’t loyal to govt
      1. Distressed Loyalists
        1. Govt Cooperated with Congress
        2. This created apprehensions amongst Pro British
      1. Fever of INA Trials and RIN Mutiny
      1. INC Back in Power ? → QIM 2 ?
      1. Only Alternate was - All out Repression & Military Rule
      Because of this Inevitability, Attlee Launched the Cabinet Mission
      Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
      Introduction
      1. Members of Cabinet Mission Plan were
        1. Pethick Lawrence
        2. A V Alexander
        3. Stafford Cripps
      1. Cabinet Mission Reached India with two Goals
        1. Short Term Goal
            2. Help Indians to form a Provisional Government
        2. Long Term Goal
            3. Help Indians to form a Constituent Assembly for a Constitution there by giving them Independence
      1. Frustration of Cabinet Mission Plan
        1. Because ML and Congress didn’t come to a common term with no matter what so ever efforts
      1. Hence, in frustration they announced the Cabinet Mission Plan
      Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
      The Fear of Division
      Non Muslims in North Western and North Eastern Part of India
      Going by the Demand and Logic of Muslim League, now these Minorities would also later demand a Separate State
      1. demand of Khalistan by Sikhs
      1. leaders like Periyar wanted a South India of 4 states within a single country
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      Extension of this Logic would have led to demands for formation of many small states
      The Provisions
      1. No Full Fledged Pakistan
          2. Due to Political, Economic, Social, Military & Strategic Nations
      1. CA in Indian would have 389 Members
        1. 292 - British Provinces
        2. By 11 Provinces divided
        3. Indirectly Elected by Provincial Legislatures
        4. 4 - Chief Commissioners Provinces
        5. would be Nominated by Vice Roy
        6. 93 - would be from Princely States
        7. Nominated by Prince of Princely States
          8. Hence, CA = Party Indirected + Partly Nominated
      1. But Bringing them to Consensus would be difficult
          2. Hence CMP 1946 proposed
      Grouping of Constituencies
      1. Section A : Hindu Majority Provinces in India 6 Provinces
          2. There would be 6 Provincial Constitutions and 1 Group Constitutions
          Hence, there would be a Provincial or State Legislature
      1. Section B : Muslim Majority Provinces in North Western Part of India 3 Provinces
          2. There would be 3 Provincial Constitutions and 1 Group Constitutions
          Hence, there would be a Provincial or State Legislature
      1. Section C : 2 Provinces
          2. There would be 2 Provincial Constitutions and 1 Group Constitutions
          Hence, there would be a Provincial or State Legislature
      1. Note
        1. These 11 Provinces and their Provincial Legislatures and to elect 292 Members
        2. Initial Consensus at Individual Level
        3. Then Consensus at Group Level
        4. Then Consensus at Union Level or National Level
      1. CMP, 1946 envisaged a Three Tier Legislature & Executive
        1. Tier 1 - Provincial Legislature
        2. Tier 2 - Group Legislature
        3. Tier 3 - Union Legislature
      1. Division of Power
          2. Union Govt would control only Defence Commerce and Foreign Affairs
          Residual Powers would be with the provinces
      1. Hence, CMP 1946 proposed a
          2. Three Tier Structure Weak Union Strong Provinces Federal Structure
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      1. Same Applied to the Princely States as well
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      1. While Drafting the Constitution, there would be many communal questions which would be solved through Simple Majority in the Parliament
      1. Who Would Run the Interim Govt ?
          2. The members of Constituents Assembly would elect the members of Interim Government
      1. The Grouping of Indian States was for convenience
          2. After the New Constitution was Implemented, General Elections Occurred and New Govt Installed, a Province was free to come out of a Loop
          It could come out of a Group - Immediately
          Can consider for Reconsideration - After 10 Years of Election
      1. Attlee told no Veto to Minority? Congress Perceived to be Optional
          2. Cabinet Mission suggested Grouping was compulsory but temporary
      1. The Final Concept and Issue with Grouping of Cabinet Mission Plan
        1. Congress - Considered Grouping to be Optional
            2. Because it wanted NEFP to be in Group A cuz it wanted implementation of GOI Act 1935 provision of provincial autonomy
        2. Muslim League - Wanted it to be Compulsory
            3. For ML Section B and Section C was Muslim Provinces
        3. CMP, 1946 → Grouping though temporary was compulsory
      1. ML expected the Congress to reject the cabinet mission plan but
      1. Believing that Congress would reject the Plan, ML accepted the Plan
      1. Acceptance of Cabinet Mission Plans
        1. ML accepted Cabinet Mission Plan, 19 June 1946
        2. Congress accepted Cabinet Mission Plan, 24 June 1946
      1. Election Conducted - Constituent Assembly was Formed
      1. Why Did Congress Accept the Plan
      INC v/s League
      JLN Statement on 10 July 1946
      1. Constituent Assembly is a Sovereign Body within the Constituent Assembly, NWFP & Assam would have objection to Grouping
      1. Objection → Voting → Congress would have win
      1. Congress was Ruling 9/11 Provinces
      1. Because ML didn't had Majority in CA → Jinnah Rejected Cabinet Mission Plan
      Direct Action Aug 16, 1946 - within 3 days of direct action
      1. Launched from Bengal
      1. 4000 Died and One Lac of Houses Burnt
      1. Muslims in India will either have a divided or destroyed India
      1. Communal Violence was Not Subsiding
      British Fear
      Britishers feared that all this blood will be in their hand, they wanted to leave as soon as possible
      Wavell Invited Congress Ministers - Pg 495-496
      Invited Congress to form Interim Govt
      Congress Ministers joined Interim Govt in Sep 1946
      ML was admitted into Interim Govt in Oct 1946
      Leader of ML in Interim Govt was Liyaqat Ali Khan - Finance Minister of Interim Govt
      Formation of Interim Govt
      First Govt on 9 December, 1946
      Muslim League Boycotted Constituent Assembly
      Interim Govt - INC + ML
      with a Swarajists Agenda - end/mend the Govt )
      Congress thretaned Wavell that they will resign if ML Ministers dont cooperate
      Constituent Assembly - Dominated by INC
      Constitutinal Deadlock - Cainet Mission Plan had become a Dead Horse
      Objective Resolution by JLN
      later became inspiration for preamble of Constitution JLN passed historic resolution
      Independence & Partition
      Attlee’s Statement - Class Notes
      1. By 30th June 1948, britishers will Quit India, no matter what.
      1. When Britishers will quit India, if Indians don’t arrive at a Compromise, British Government will transfer power to anyone available → Hinting Towards Balkanisation of India
      1. Creation of 100’s of Countries in India
      1. Intention Good
        1. For Constitutional Deadlock be resolved
        2. Wanted to show that British were serious about leaving India
        3. It was not safe for Britishers in India ; Govt power had eroded beyond redemption
      1. New Viceroy - Mountbatten will replace wavell
      Attlee’s Statement - Summary
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      Why was it a Shock to both ?
      Congress - Inspite of 100 have 2 countries
      ML - chances of getting or not getting Pakistan
      Mountbatten Condition
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      1. Knew that Cabinet Mission Plan had failed
      1. Congress & ML was in Shock
      JLN Statement, March 10 1947
      1. Congress was ready to divide India but Bengal and Punjab Hindu Population
      Kriplani Statement, April 1947
      1. Chairman of Congress - Kriplani Gave Official Statement inspite of War, let there be War
      Deadlock Again
      1. The Proposal of Partition, had to be passed by ML & Congress in Constituent Assembly
      Mountbatten Plan, 1947 / Dicky Bird Plan / 3rd June
      1. V P Menon, Secretary of Mount Bateen, ICS Officer, Suggested
      1. Despite bringing them at a common stage
      1. Each of them could take decisions regarding their territories
        1. Suggestion : Create Two Dominions & Two Constituent Assemblies along with the Right to Cession from British Empire.
      1. Creation of these 2 Dominions was Conditional
        1. Provincial Legislative Assembly of Punjab & Bengal will take decision regarding Partitions of their Provinces
        2. Legislatures of Punjab & Bengal will be divided into 2 Groups
          1. Muslims
          2. Hindus
        3. If at least one of the group voted in favour of Partition, there will be partition
        4. The Maths
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      1. Since, Congress accepted Partition, Dicky said that all demands of Congress will be met
        1. Princely States either Join India or Pakistan ; if they wouldn’t accept this → they would be treated as Enemy States → In Practicality
        2. Osmanistan joining Pakistan - Possibility Ruled Out
        3. Punjab and Bengal Independence - Practical Possibility Ruled Out
      1. Boundary Commission - 2 Under Same Chairman - Cyril Radcliffe
      Indian Independence Act, 1947 - Pg 514-515
      1. Got Accent of George, the 6th
      1. According to IIA - India and Pakistan became Independent
      1. Pakistan Created
        1. First GG : Jinnah
        2. First PM : Liaqat Ali Khan
        3. Divided in : West & East Pakistan
      1. India Created
        1. First GG : Mountbatten
        2. First PM : JLN
      1. Congress Accepted Dominion Status in 1947
        1. To Curb Communal Violence
        2. Existing Financial Resources & Army could be divided
        3. Existing Bureaucratic Machinery could be used
      1. Even Before Physical Partition of India Happened, Mental Divide of Hindus & Muslims had already occurred
      Gandhi - The Legacy
      Gandhis view on Partition
      1. Gandhis Said : Physical Partition has become a Reality, but dont be divided in mind
      1. Gandhi was in East Pakistan ( Bengal )
      Why is Contribution of Gandhi in essence ?
      1. With Gandhi Mass Movements & techniques ; He brought multiple sections of society on the common Platform
      1. Despite of 100s of Countries, India ended up having only 2 States
      Independence & Contemplation
      Dominion Status but Still Independent
      1. V P Menon Suggestion : Create Two Dominions & Two Constituent Assemblies along with the Right to Cession from British Empire.
      1. But we exercised this right only on 26th June 1950 and India became a SDR - Sovereign, Democratic, Republic
      Who Should Get the Credit for Independence ?
      1. Independence of India was a result of Combined Efforts of People, Leaders & Circumstances
      1. Its the tale of Sung & Unsung heroes of Indian Independence
      Unsung Heroes of Indian Independence
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