From Unification of Italy & Germany

Russian Revolut ( 1917)

• Russia , austtract of land which extends from eastern Europe to the pacific ocean . To the north she had the arctic ocean and to the south bordered by china and asia . To the east japan was her neighbour.

• The country was a meeting pt. of 2 countineuts europe & sia . so it is difficult to stay where Europe ends and asia begins.

• Technically, it is said she is at eurasia.

• The russian belong to the ‘ slav’ race and accepted the orthodox Christianity. The russians rules called themselves as ‘ Tsar / czar’ . They became the head of the state & the church.

• There were many dynasities @ russia. In 1633, the ‘romov dynasty was estb, last dnasty of the ‘ tsar’

• All the russians rules were autocrats and majority of these were ineffective . Throughtout , the nineteenth ceutary there were lots of protest against ‘ Tsar

• From the times of Napolean the russians were seeking sone of the russians began to get cutered to the outside world.

• They demanded ed , proper employment and equal treat meant in services but Tsae.’s suppressed them all whoever raised an uprising or revolt were suppressed brutally.

• Further , tsare taught the people & made them to believe that the russians were superior and Tsar.

• So for few years there was neither revolt no uprising During this period Tsar strengthened the army and created secret police spies and decided to supress the people in future . This policy was called as ‘ Russificat of Russia’

• In 1855, Tsar alexander II become the rules , he was a man of reform : He intro . local self govt, contructedise the Russia. He intro local self govt, constructed roads & railways and connected all major cities and permitted the import of western goods & capital and allowed his subject tonget educated on western lines.

• Many russians stdeuts went abroad.

• The most imp achievement of alexander II was abolished serfdom. and He was called as alexander the loberator.

• He introduced press and allowed people to read journals & magazines so that compete with western world.

• Thought his minister and councils against his reforms yet he continued . Due to internal pressure , he applied censorship to the press & ed angery over this some revoltaion assassinated him 1818.

• He was successe by his son Alexander III who was efficient who managed to escape found refuse was @ unrest.

• Alexander III was succeded by his son Tsar Nicolas II .He was the rules when the russians revolut took place . He was russian revolut took place . He was despot, conservation and under the influence of his wife ‘ alexandear’ .They both had a spiritual mentor a monk called ‘ Rasputin’

• Rasputin began to influence political affairs of russia. This lead to dissatisfact among the noble and the subject . He appointed his men's to higher posit & post. corrupt become common.

• The unmindful Nicoas IIcountined the traditional way of russians autocracy . When peoples raised slogans against Rasputin , the Tsar declared him as ‘holy man

• Angered with him , some group of noles killed rasputin in 1916.

• Russia witnessed great process of industraliat b/w 1865 to 1900. Theno.of factories double and an new earning class entered russia . They work for 15 hrs . a day . There were no factory laws and reguation.

• At this same time , the socialism & teachings of karl marx entered factor of russia . It was also a period of political parties where these parties established to protect the laboures from the opera of the ownear.

• In 1895, the first party was ‘ Workmans Socialist Democratic party ‘ which aimed for the betterment of labourers gradually many parties entered. The famous being ‘ Consitutional Democratic party’, 1902

• CDP this party began trained towards democracy and western idea . In 1903 , the party had a split as Mensheviks & Bolsheviks.

• They were mainly divided on discipline & strategy.

• Lenin was the imp. leader of Bolsheviks.

• Kerensky was a leader of mensheviks. who stood for a radical view.

• These two groups gradually become opposites of each others.

Lect 14- WH

• Russia in 1905 faced a revolut where father Gapon along with his followers Trostky marched to the Tsae seeking reform Gapon was killed.

• Trostkey challenged the govt. Due to an internal pressure the Tsar convened the russians parliament called Duma’ This was an achievement of Russians.

• Russia had two classes in her society the rich & poor i.e the nobles & the serfs. The nobles led a luxurious life but poor suffered.

• Even through the serfs were liberated still the condit was They were forced to pay heavy tax and 2/3 rd of populat were illiterate . The peasauts were highly disconteut.

• Gradually , due to IR a new class entered in russia called middle class i.e Bourgeoise, who were industrial owness professional & business man . They had new ideas in the mind & decided to liberate common man from the miseule.

• Russia was defeated in crimzan was by france which shattered her image of russia.

• Further the Russo japaness and its failure broke the confidence in the rules.

• So many revolvat broke out the Tsar . controlled it,

• I WW dragged to revolt against Tsar & Tsarina . The russian soldiers felt humiliated @ europe. They went hungry, did not have sufficient shoes , weapons & clothing.

• This made the russians to lose hope toward their ruler.

• This made the russians to lose hope toward the

• The year 1917 with eiots in russia.

• Meanwhile , Alexandar Kerensky decided to launch coup on the Tsae By march, he overthrewnthe Tsarand seized power by launching a famous coop and established the provisional govt.

• What they promised was not achieved.

• So lenin decided to take this as an opporturnity and reached russia and launched a cop on the provisional govt & overthrew . They called themselves as the ‘ Bolsheviks’

• By Nov lenin assumed power,

• Lenin proclaimed himself as ‘ dictators of russia ‘and began to work toward its upliftment.

• To implement these decress he used military Leni Nationalised Banks, confiscated all the properties from the rich and peasauts.

• He made labour (work) compulsory for all the citizesand disbanded the Greek or thodox church.

• Women were given equal right with men . All ranked and tities were abolished . He created soviet nobles to maintain peace & order.

• The allied condemned Lenin that Russia would not be compensated

• By July 1918, The Tsarina and their 5 children were executed . Many were against this assassinate

• They were shot deed

• In 1918 russia witnessed ‘ civil war’ for nextbtwo years ( 1918-20) . landlord , peasaut & capitalistswere not happy with loss of property . Many russians were dissatisfied with the withdrawal form the war.

• A group of people gradually began to gain support and launchb’ anti - Bolshevik movement. Lenin suppressed Them all. Gradually russia witnessed peace & communication.

Lenin and his New Economic Policy ( NEP) ( 1921- 24)

• In 1921 , Lenin introduced series of measure to Revitalize the soviet economy . He gave greater freedom to agriculture , industries and trade , This system was called as ‘ State Socialism ‘

• The govt controlled finances , industries & transport leaving the rest to pvt . sect.

• He created open market where demand and supply was allowed equally.

• All the industrial & faster were regulated by the govt initially his communism was a small version of capitalism.

• The war torn russians began to gain energy with NEP He introduced his 4yr plan and gave imprortant to agriculture product.

• Before the IInd WW , Russians almost emerged as a great power of asia .’

• In 1924, Lenin remained the soviet union or rusia as VSSR union of soviet socialist republics’ which had is states inside . THese states were called republic

• Every republic had a constitud and they had the right to promote their language & culture and also cessed from the union.

• The 15 state were.

• Trostky ade people to belive that he would follow footsteps of the lenin but stalin declared that he would make USSR as ‘ super . power’

• Stalin was born in 1869 at georia into a poor peasaut family .

• Stalin means man of steel . He joined the Bolsheviks party inspired by Lenin.

• He was an edit of newspaper of ‘ pravda’ and began to write . articles about communism.

• Stalin intro . his 5 yr . plan and transformed russia into a great economic power . He took steps to eliminate political opponents . Many were assasinaated ; for the next four yrs (1924-28) he instituted the ‘ great perge ‘ also known as ‘ great terror’

• Great Perge ; Thousand of arrested and Killed.

• Ed become atoll for stalin to creat a new class of citizen . From nursery to university state controlled it communism and staline were taught

• and all achievement of soviet union were publicity displayed in all the cities.

• ‘ Athwism become a state sponsored programme . Many churches were demolished . Few monasteries in the eastern part were all broken .

• In 1936, stalin intro . a ‘ new constitute ‘ which had some democratic features:

Lect. 15 : WH

• Germany was forced to sign t. of . Versallies & the weimer republic was powerless & backed by Britain.

• These were lots of problem burning @ germany & series of coup was targed on weimee republic. Thought it suppressed it but it could never win the support of people.

• Under the leadership of ‘ Gustav Stress- man ‘ the republic was able to achieve something & few economic prosperity.

• Later where the ‘ Great depression ‘ hit America , its effect was felt at / on germany.

• Further the Weimer republic failed to settle all the internal issues of Germany

• In 1923 , these was acoup organised by Dr . Ludendroff on the weimer republic. IT filed where. Ludendroff & his follower was imprisoned.

• Due to lack of evidence Hitler was released . He decided to occupy power & lead germany so he began to tour the entire germany for support.

• The economic dresion , the failure of weimer republic & the internal struggles made Hitler the leader of Germany .

• He was an Austrian born german ; educated in the military schools.

• From his childhood he disliked the jews who were money. leader & business group of Germany

• He participated in 1st WW & his experiences in the

• He was hard core disciplinarian.

• T. O Versallies hooked him. He believed in aryan supremacy and believed that the germans were stabbed in the back so he decided to take revenge on Britain

• In 1919, he organized the ‘ Germans Workers Party’ which aimed to uplift the workers . It was renamed as National Scocialist Germans Workerv Party ( NSGWP) in short called ‘ Nazi Party’

• In 1921 , he became leader of the party.

• In the prison he wrote an autobiography called ‘ Mein Kamph ‘ ; ( My struggle )

• His entire political ideology is formed in the book. In 1925 he published the book. He believed in the ‘ Living space’ for germans called as ‘ Lebensraum’

• He also mentioned how the allied power treated germany after the war

• Haitler was released . He reached Municg & began to propagate his ‘ Nazi ideology .’ In 1932, he stood in the election and they secured few seats entered the govt . No one could hold a majority.

• The president Hindenburg invited Hitler to form govt. In 1933, Witlee became the chancellor of Germany where he headed the coalition govt of Nazi & Nationlist party.

• Hitler disliked the parliamentary form of govt sohe decided to eliminatory all his opponent one by one. He began to cinsolidate his opponents one by one.

• He began to consolidate his power . graduilt the Nazi party became dominate in parliament.

• many were arrested , exiciled & killed.

• Hitler followed a policy of ‘ forceable Coordinat ‘ to slibjygate all the germans . He decided to mold germany into a totalitarian state.

• Main features of german state were military state

• Germany was now identified with Nazibparty & the Nazi army. His army wore brown shirts and they were referred by the same name.

• He established a secret police called ‘ Gestapo which was the spy agent of hitler and created terror in the minds of the people.

• All his states enemics , political opponents , minorities , catholic priests , gypsis and the jews were all killed brutally , Lots of concertral camps were established from 1934 . This threatened the ethical values of the subject . Hitler created a sense of terror

• Racial nationalism was a core ideology of Hitler It was based on 2 aspects.

• He believed all the ills entered because of jews . The jews humiliated the germans @ versailles so he decided to eradicate them all.

• To eradicate the jews he took some measure

• The world condemned it but he did not hid to it, These ‘genocides’ are called as ‘Holocast’ the brutal of all crimes against Humanity

• Under Hitler, the economy of Germany was organised Food prices were controlled , trade was regulated. Self sufficiency & employment generate were two aims which was built by hilter.

• Imports were discourage & Exports were encouraged.

• Every family was asked to surrender the basic income to the state . For employment general public works were undertaken like construct of school highways hospitals.

• In 1936 , Hitler constructed ‘Olympic Stadiym’

• He also recruited the germans youth into the army.

• In industrial sector , the Nazis encouraged pvt. owner ships. Gradually , Hitler built a new germany people accepted his rule & continued to support him people accepted his rule & continued to support him.

• He aimed to recover all the lost provinces particularly aimed to recoverball the lost provinces particularly the germans at czechoslovakiand polland alsace 7 Lorrain , he decided to fight france to recover it.

• Lebonseaum:

• T.O : versailles disarmed so hitler decided to rearmed germany so bunkers were created where germans were asked to wark for their ‘ Volk’ (people) The germans were experts in automobiles so their scientist & technicians & began to built war weapons.

• Hitler also decided to remove inequalities of the versailles treaty. In 1936, he stopped the payment of the war indemnity to the allied power. The allies did not ask him so he was portrayed as a default. Countries were threatened and no leader took an initiative to ask hitler so his policy of terrorising europe was achived.

Lect 16 WH